A.    CRUISE NARRATIVE - WOCE S04P
            (updated 8/1/05)

      A.1.  HIGHLIGHTS
      
                                WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION
            
                     WOCE section designation  S04P
            Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  90KDIOFFE6_1
                             Chief Scientists  Mikhail H. Koshlyakov/Shirshov IO*, 
                                               James G. Richman/OSU**
                                        Dates  1992.02.14  -  1992.04.06
                                         Ship  R/V Akademik Ioffe
                                Ports of call  Montevideo, Uruguay; Wellington, NZ
                           Number of stations  113 CTD/rosette stations

                                                          65¡ 19.12' S
            Station geographic boundaries      70¡ 5.17' W            162¡ 39.91' E
                                                          70¡ 38.92' S
                 Floats and drifters deployed  none
               Moorings deployed or recovered  none
                         Contributing Authors  Marie-Claude BeauprŽ  ODF/SIO
                                               J.C. Jennings
                                               Robert M. Key
                                               Eugene Morozov
                                               Eugene Morozov
      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Russian Academy of Sciences         ** Oregon State University
       P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology     College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences
       Nakhimovski Ave. 36                     Oceanography Admin. Bldg. 104
       117218  Moscow  RUSSIA                  Corvallis  OR  97331-5503
       Phone:  7-095-129-2363                   Phone: 1-541-737-3328   
       Fax:    7-095-124-5983                   Fax:   1-541-737-2064
       e-mail: koshl@stream.sio.rssi.ru        e-mail: jrichman@oce.orst.edu
                                                       jr@oce.orst.edu
      
      
      A.2.  Cruise Summary
      
      Cruise track
      
      The cruise track included WHP stations beginning on the continental shelf of the 
      Antarctic Peninsula at 67¡ 28S 71¡ 5W on 22 February, 1992, continuing west 
      along ca. 67¡S (S4 Pacific) at nominally 30 nautical mile intervals.  The first 
      ten stations were made along a northwesterly line approximately perpendicular to 
      the continental slope with stations over the shelf break and slope located on 
      isobaths separated by approximately 800 m.  Over the Bellingshausen Abyssal 
      Plain between 91¡34W and 130¡41W and over the Amundsen Abyssal Plain between 
      142¡11W and 157¡41W, the station spacing was increased to nominally 40 nautical 
      miles.  At 174¡15E, the track was turned southwestward to run perpendicular to 
      the Antarctic continental shelf.  The section was completed with a station in 
      200 m of water off Cap Daemon at 70¡39S 168¡04E.  The section was restarted with 
      a repeat station at 67¡S 174¡15E and continued east-northeast to end in 400 m of 
      water off Young Island of the Balleny Islands at 66¡25S 162¡41E.  The last 
      station will be the eastern terminus for the continuation of WHP line S4 into 
      the Indian Ocean.  
      
      Stations occupied
      
      There were 113 CTD/rosette stations, in all but one case each close to the 
      bottom.  No large volume casts were made.  There were 3 surface samples for Ge 
      isotopes and one complete profile with 24 samples.
      
      Floats and drifters deployed
           No floats nor surface drifters were deployed.
      
      Moorings deployed or recovered
           No moorings were deployed or recovered. 
      
                                                         S04P ð Koshlyakov/Richman ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      A.3.  List of Principal Investigators
      
                                  Measurement           Institution or 
      Name                        responsibility        affiliation
      --------------------------  --------------------  --------------------
      A. Berezutski & J. Richman  ADCP                  Shirshov Inst .& OSU
      A. Berezutski               MultiBeam Bathymetry  Shirshov Inst.
      J. Bullister                CFCs                  PMEL
      G. Rau                      carbon isotopes       NASA Ames Res Center
      P. Schlosser                AMS 14C               LDGO
      P. Schlosser                helium, tritium       LDGO
      P. Schlosser                18O                   LDGO
      J. Swift                    CTD/O2/nutrients      SIO
      T. Takahashi & D. Chipman   TCO2, pCO2            LDGO
      N. Voronina                 Biological sampling   Shirshov Inst.
      
      
      A.4.  Scientific Program
      
      a. Narrative
      
      The R/V Akademik Ioffe Cruise 6 (WHP line S4 Pacific) left Montevideo, 
      Uruguay on 14 February, 1992 and ended in Wellington, New Zealand on 6 April, 
      1992.  The chief Scientists were Mikhail H. Koshlyakov (Shirshov Institute of 
      Oceanology) and James G. Richman (Oregon State University).  The purpose of 
      this cruise was to determine the strength and extent of the cyclonic 
      circulation in the Pacific Ocean south of the Polar Front as part of the WOCE 
      Hydrographic Program.
      
      The R/V Akademik Ioffe departed Montevideo at 2130 on 14 February 1992, 
      and headed for deep water in the South Atlantic.  On the morning of 17 
      February, the vessel stopped for training and station tests.  No reportable 
      data were collected.  WHP stations began on the continental shelf of the 
      Antarctic Peninsula 67¡28.1S 70¡05.4W on 22 February (station 682).  The 
      first six stations were over the continental shelf and slope along a 
      northwesterly line.  The stations over the slope were made on isobaths 
      separated by approximately 800 m.  Two more stations were made in deep water 
      along this line and then the track was turned southwestward.  Five stations 
      were made along the southwesterly track until 67¡S was reached.  The section 
      was then continued along 67¡S at nominally 30 nautical mile spacing.  Over the 
      Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain between 91¡34W and 130¡41W and over the Amundsen 
      Abyssal Plain between 142¡11W and 157¡41W, the station spacing was increased 
      to nominally 40 nautical miles.  At 174¡15E (station 768), the track was 
      turned southwestward to run perpendicular to the Antarctic continental shelf.  
      The section was completed with a station in 200 m of water off Cap Daemon at 
      70¡39S 168¡04E on 23 March (station 780).  The section was restarted with a 
      repeat station at 67¡S 174¡15E on 25 March and continued east-northeast to end 
      in 400 m of water off Young Island of the Balleny Islands at 66¡25S 162¡41E 
      on 29 March (station 794).  The last station will be the eastern terminus for 
      the continuation of WHP line S4 into the Indian Ocean.
      
      The principal sampling program consisted of full-depth CTD/O profiles 
      with a maximum of 24 small-volume water samples per cast.  Water samples were 
      collected for salinity, dissolved oxygen, silicate, phosphate, nitrate, 
      nitrite, CFC-11, and CFC-12 at all stations, and for 3He, tritium, AMS 14C, 
      CFC-113, 18O, and CO2 system parameters at selected stations.
      
      Rosette water samples were collected by the Scripps Oceanographic Data 
      Facility (ODF) from Niskin and ODF-constructed 10-liter sample bottles mounted 
      on an ODF-constructed 24-bottle rosette sampler which used General Oceanics 24-
      place pylon.  The rosette was equipped with ODF-modified NBIS Mark IIIb CTDs 
      for in-situ measurement of conductivity, temperature, pressure, and dissolved 
      oxygen.  A transmissometer belonging to Dr. Wilf Gardner, TAMU, was installed 
      on the rosette and used at several stations.  A short-range (ca. 100 meter) 
      altimeter was mounted on the rosette frame and its data fed into the CTD data 
      stream.  A pinger on the rosette frame gave height above bottom (via a PDR in 
      the CTD console area) throughout the water column.  In every case the bottles 
      were closed at selected depths during the up cast, after the winch had stopped 
      at that depth.  There were 113 CTD/rosette stations, in all but one case each 
      close to the bottom.  
      
      Two PRTs were used on most stations for temperature measurements.  No 
      reversing thermometers were used during the cruise.  Conductivities were 
      measured using ODF Autosal salinometer with an automated logging program.  
      Oxygen samples were run using a Dosimat/UV automatic titration system.  
      Nutrients were run with a Technicon AAII system.
      
      While on station and underway a shipboard 75 kHz RDI ADCP system was 
      operated.  Underway surface measurements were also obtained: temperature, 
      salinity, fluorescence and pCO2.  A multi-beam sonar system was operated 
      between stations  Routine weather observations were collected at ten minute 
      intervals by the ship's automated meteorological station with visual 
      observations every four hours by the ship's officers.
      
      Along the section, the weather and sea conditions were moderate to very 
      rough.  The winds were generally 10-15 m/sec, with five days approaching or 
      exceeding 20 m/sec.  Icebergs were present during the entire section which 
      necessitated slowing at night and some extra maneuvering before starting 
      sections.  The air temperature averaged slightly below freezing.  Near 
      Antarctica, at the end of the section, cold air and wind created problems with 
      freezing in the bottle spigots (stations 773 and 778), but only three salinity 
      samples were lost.  No trouble with pack ice occurred during the section.  The 
      weather was extremely poor in the vicinity of the the Antarctic Circumpolar 
      Current between the continent and New Zealand which prevented any work on the 
      northward run after the completion of the main zonal section.
      
      b.  Bottle depth distributions
      
      Vertical sections along the ship's track showing the depth 
      distributions for small volume samples are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
      

                                                               S04P ð Koshlyakov/Richman ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      A.5.  Problems
      
      This cruise had few problems.  The CTD operations were made from the 
      stern A-frame.  There were numerous cable problems, kinking and unlaying, 
      associated with the pitching in rough weather conditions when the winds 
      exceeded 15 m/sec or large swells were encountered.  Many mire reterminations 
      were made during the cruise.  However, little data was lost from these 
      problems.  One station, 701, was terminated early on 27 February at 3700 m in 
      4340m of water during bad weather and excessive ship motion.  The rosette hit 
      the ship during recovery stations 705 and 763.  The CTD signal was lost at 3650 
      dbars on station 702 and the cast was aborted.  However, the signal returned as 
      the CTD was being raised and the cast was restarted in the water at 3100 
      dbars.  The CTD signal was lost on the upcast at 4337 dbars on station 709.  The 
      bottles were tripped based upon wire out for this station.  The same CTD was 
      used for the entire cruise.  The CTD Sampler Controller and Data Logger was 
      tested from station 781 through station 794.  Using the controller, bottles 
      were tripped at preset depths and the CTD data recorded internally.  The casts 
      were monitored and data recorded with normal CTD computer. 
      
      An oxygen sensor was used with the CTD.  Problems with the sensor and 
      its spare were encountered at the start of the section.  The data are suspect 
      for the first 11 stations (682-692).  The sensor failed on station 773.  No 
      oxygen sensor was available for stations 773 through 782.
      
      The transmissometers had inside lens fogging and temperature 
      compensation problems.  Many casts had no transmissometer mounted and the data 
      are suspect for the stations where one was used.
      
      South of the Polar Front, the acoustic backscatter sound levels for the 
      75 kHz ADCP were extremely low.  The data from the upper 200 m appear to be 
      contaminated by transducer ringing.  The overall quality of the ADCP velocity 
      data is poor.
      
      A.6.  Other Incidents of Note

      A.7.  Cruise Participants
      
      Name               Responsibility on cruise                  Institution
      -----------------  ----------------------------------------  ------------------
      Barstow, Dennis    ADCP                                      Oregon State Univ.
      Chipman, David     CO2, underway systems                     LDGO
      Clark, Jordan      helium, tritium, 18O, AMS 14C             LDGO
      Grabitz, Dorothea  helium, tritium, 18O, AMS 14C             LDGO
      Hiller, Scott      electronics tech, salts                   SIO/ODF
      Low, Clarence      13C                                       NASA Ames
      Masten, Doug       nutrients, deck                           SIO/ODF
      Mattson, Carl      electronics tech, salts                   SIO/ODF
      Menzia, Fred       CFCs                                      NOAA/PMEL
      Muus, David        deck, O2, data                            SIO/ODF
      Richman, James     co-chief scientist physical oceanography  Oregon State Univ.
      Rubin, Stephany    CO2                                       LDGO
      Swift, James       physical oceanography                     SIO
      Warner, Mark       CFCs                                      Univ. of Washington
      Williams, Robert   deck, O2, data                            SIO/ODF
      
      
      Leader Group  (plus Richman, U.S.)
      -----------------------  -------------------------------  ------------------
      Koshlyakov, Mikhail      Chief Scientist                  Shirshov Institute
      Sklyarov, Vladimir       Ch. Deputy                       Shirshov Institute
      Zaytsev, Alexandr        Ch. Deputy; CTD deck ops         Shirshov Institute
      Sazhina, Tatyana         Sc. Secretary                    Shirshov Institute
      Zhukova, Veronika        secretary                        Shirshov Institute
      
      Sonde Group (CTD)
      -----------------------  -------------------------------  ------------------
      Yemelyanov, Mikhail      CTD console ops                  Shirshov Institute
      Maslennikov, Vyacheslay  CTD console ops                  VNIRO
      Popkov, Valeriy          CTD console ops                  VNIRO
      Frolov, Mikhail          CTD deck ops                     Shirshov Institute
      Nesterenko, Yuriy        watch stander                    Shirshov Institute
      Savelyev, Vitaliy        CTD deck ops                     Shirshov Institute
      Yakovlev, Evgeniy        watch stander                    Shirshov Institute
      
      Mathematical Group (data processing, GFD, models)
      -----------------------  -------------------------------  ------------------
      Yaremchuck, Maxim        data processing; interpolations  Shirshov Institute
      Nechayev, Dmitriy        GFD, modelling                   Shirshov Institute
      Benenson, Mikhail        computer system manager          Shirshov Institute
      Chesnokov, Andrey        software technician              Shirshov Institute
      Mardashkina, Natalya     ocean modelling                  MFTI
      
      Hydrological Group (interpretative)
      -----------------------  -------------------------------  ------------------
      Belkin, Igor             interpretative p.o.; fronts      Shirshov Institute
      Burkov, Valentin         interpretative p.o.              Shirshov Institute
      Chernyakova, Alla        O2, nutrients, CO2               Shirshov Institute
      Stunzhas, Pavel          O2, nutrients, CO2               Shirshov Institute
      Polyakova, Irina         technician                       Shirshov Institute
      
      Meteorological Group
      -----------------------  -------------------------------  ------------------
      Romanov, Yuriy           Meteorology                      Shirshov Institute
      Lutsenko, Eduard         synoptics                        AANII
      Radikevich, Vitaliy      meteorology                      LGMI
      Rodionov, Vyacheslav     remote sensing                   Shirshov Institute
      Safronov, Alexey         actinometry                      IFA
      Romashova, Elena         actinometry                      IFA
      
      Acoustic Group (ADCP & sound scattering)
      -----------------------  -------------------------------  ------------------
      Berezutski, Alexander    ADCP, MultiBeam bathymetry       Shirshov Institute
      Timoshenko, Vladimir     MultiBeam bathymetry             TRTI
      Nosov, Alexandr          MultiBeam bathymetry             Shirshov Institute
      Shilov, Igor             ADCP                             Shirshov Institute
      Korolev, Alexander       ADCP                             Shirshov Institute
      Tikhonova, Natalya       MultiBeam bathymetry             Shirshov Institute
      
      Biological Group
      -----------------------  -------------------------------  ------------------
      Voronina, Natalya        zooplankton                      Shirshov Institute
      Levin, Lev               fluorescence                     IBSO
      Sazhin, Andrey           microplankton                    Shirshov Institute
      Sedelnikov, Sergey       bio. hardware technician         IBSO
      Zadorina, Larisa         bio. Technician                  Shirshov Institute
      
      
      Definition of acromyms:
      
      VNIRO:  Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow
      MFTI:   Moscow Pysical-Technical Institute
      AANII:  Arctic and Antarctic Institute, Saint Petersburg
      LGMI:   Leningrad Hydro Meteorological Institute
      IFA:    Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
      TRTI:   Taganrog Radio Engineering Institute
      IBSO:   Institute of biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
              Sciences, Krasnojarsk
      
      




      
      ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
      ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
      
                                                        S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

                                       IOFFE6

                                    (WOCE S4-92)

                         Calibrated Pressure-Series CTD Data
                           Processing Summary and Comments

                                  December 28, 1993

                           R/V Akademik Ioffe 90KDIOFFE6/1
                                  920214  - 920406
                   Montevideo, Uruguay to Wellington, New Zealand

                                  CHIEF SCIENTISTS
                                 Mikhail Koshlyakov
           Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences
                                   Moscow, RUSSIA
                                         and
                                    James Richman
                               Oregon State University
                                  Corvallis, OREGON

                                 DATA SUBMITTED BY:
                         Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                             Oceanographic Data Facility


                                Marie-Claude Beaupre
                                    ODF CTD Group
                             Oceanographic Data Facility
                         Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                            UC San Diego, Mail Code 0214
                                  9500 Gilman Drive
                              La Jolla, CA  92093-0214

                                phone: (619) 534-1906
                                 fax: (619) 534-7383
                             e-mail: marie@odf.ucsd.edu



      1.  Introduction

           In this document we discuss CTDO data acquisition, calibration,
      corrections, and other processing for the IOFFE6 cruise on the R/V
      Akademik Ioffe.  The final reported values were determined via careful
      examination and application of the pre- and post-cruise calibrations,
      and by comparison of CTD data with the water sample data collected
      during the CTD casts.  Our techniques and calibration data are
      discussed below.

      2.  CTD Acquisition and Processing Summary

           113 CTD casts plus 4 test casts were completed during IOFFE6.
      The rosette used was an ODF-designed 24-bottle system with a 24-place
      General Oceanics pylon nested inside a ring of twenty-four 10-liter
      bottles.  A CTD, altimeter, pinger, and transmissometer were mounted
      on the bottom of the frame.  ODF CTD #1 (a modified NBIS Mark III-B
      instrument) was used during the leg.

           The ODF CTD acquired data at a maximum rate of 25 Hz.  The data
      consisted of pressure, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen,
      second temperature, four CTD voltages, trip confirmation,
      transmissometer, altimeter and elapsed time.  Power to the CTD was
      optimized by applying the minimum current to attain the CTD voltages
      required to maintain sensor stability.  These voltages were monitored
      throughout the cast.

           An ODF-designed deck unit demodulated the FSK CTD signal to an
      RS-232 interface.  The raw CTD data server allowed the data to be
      split into three different paths: to be logged in raw digitized form,
      to be monitored in real time as raw data, and to be processed and
      plotted.  During the IOFFE6 expedition, an Integrated Solutions Inc.
      (ISI) Optimum V computer served as the real-time data acquisition
      processor.  Additionally, Sun SPARC computers were used during post-
      cruise processing.

           The raw CTD audio signal was recorded on VHS videotape as an
      ultimate back-up, and all raw binary data were logged on a hard disk
      and then backed up to magnetic cartridge tape.  In addition, all
      intermediate versions of processed data were backed up to magnetic
      cartridge tape.

           CTD data processing consists of a sequence of steps which is
      modified as needed.  Data can be re-processed from any point in this
      sequence after the raw data are acquired from the sea cable and
      recorded on videotape and/or hard disk.  Each CTD cast is assigned a
      correction file, and while the corrections are usually determined for
      groups of stations, it is possible to fine tune the parameters for
      even a single station.  The acquisition and processing steps are as
      follows:

         ð Data are acquired from the CTD sea cable and assembled into
           consecutive .04-second frames containing all data channels.  The
           data are converted to engineering units.

         ð The raw pressure, temperature and conductivity  data  are  passed
           through  broad  absolute  value and gradient filters to eliminate
           noisy data.  The entire frame of raw data is omitted, as  opposed
           to interpolating bad points, if any one of the filters is exceed-
           ed.  The filters may be adjusted as needed for each cast.


                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe


                            TYPICAL IOFFE6 RAW DATA FILTERS

                  Raw Data     |         |         | Frame-to-Frame
                  Channel      | Minimum | Maximum |    Gradient   
                  -------------+---------+---------+---------------
                  Pressure     |   -40   |  6400   |    2.0 dbar   
                  -------------+---------+---------+---------------
                  Temperature  |   -8    |  32.7   |    .2 deg.C   
                  -------------+---------+---------+---------------
                  Conductivity |    0    | 64.355  |    .3 mmho    


         ð Pressure and conductivity are phase-adjusted to match the
           temperature response, since the temperature sensor responds more
           slowly to change.  This lag time is determined using raw CTD data
           from the cruise.  Conductivity data are corrected for ceramic
           compressibility in accordance with the NBIS Mark III-B Reference
           Manual.

         ð The data are averaged into 0.5-second blocks.  During this step,
           data falling outside four standard deviations from the mean are
           rejected and the average is recalculated.  Then data falling
           outside two standard deviations from the new mean are rejected,
           and the data are re-averaged.  The resulting averages, excepting
           second temperature and CTD voltages, are reported as the
           0.5-second time series.  Secondary temperature data are used to
           verify the stability of the primary temperature channel
           calibration.  Secondary temperature data are only filtered,
           averaged and reported with the time-series data when they are
           used in place of the primary temperature data due to a sensor
           malfunction.

         ð Corrections are applied to the data.  The pressure data are
           corrected using laboratory calibration data.  Temperature
           corrections, typically a quadratic correction as a function of
           temperature, are based on laboratory calibrations.  Conductivity
           and oxygen corrections are derived from water sample data.
           Conductivity corrections are typically a linear fit of bottle
           minus CTD differences as a function of conductivity.  Oxygen data
           are corrected on an individual cast basis.  Uncorrected time-series
           transmissometer data are forwarded to TAMU for final processing
           and reporting.

           The averaged data are recorded on hard disk and sent to the real-
      time display system, where the averaged data can be reported and
      plotted during a cast.  The averaging system also communicates with
      the CTD acquisition computer for detection of bottle trips, almost
      always occurring during the up casts.  A 3- to 4-second average of the
      CTD data is stored for each detected bottle trip.

           A down-cast pressure-series data set is created from the time
      series by applying a ship-roll filter to the down-cast time-series
      data, then averaging the data within 2-dbar pressure intervals
      centered on the reported pressure.  The first few seconds of data for
      each cast are generally excluded from the averages due to sensor
      adjustment or bubbles during the in-water transition.  Pressure
      intervals with no time-series data can optionally be filled by double-
      parabolic interpolation.  When the down-cast CTD data have excessive
      noise, gaps or offsets, the up-cast data are used instead.  CTD data
      from down and up casts are not mixed together in the pressure-series
      data because they do not represent identical water columns (due to
      ship movement, wire angles, etc.).

           The CTD time series is always the primary CTD data record for the
      pressure, conductivity and temperature channels.   The  final  correc-
      tions  to  the  CTD oxygen data are made by correcting pressure-series
      CTD oxygen data to match the up-cast oxygen water  samples  at  common
      isopycnals.  The final CTDO pressure-series data are the data reported
      to the principal investigator and to the WHP Office.

           Subsequent sections of this document discuss the laboratory
      calibrations, data processing and corrections for the CTD used during
      IOFFE6.

                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      3.  CTD Laboratory Calibrations

      3.1.  Pressure Transducer Calibration

           The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-
      controlled bath to the ODF Ruska deadweight-tester (DWT) pressure
      standards.  The mechanical hysteresis loading and unloading curves
      were measured both pre- and post-cruise at cold temperature (-1.5
      degrees C bath) to a maximum of 8830 psi, and at warmer temperature
      (15.2 and 6.1 degrees C baths pre-/post-cruise) to a maximum of 2030
      psi.  The post-cruise deep 8830 psi calibration was done a total of 3
      times (in -1.5, -1.4, and -0.7 degrees C baths).

           CTD pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations are summarized in
      Figure 1.

      3.2.  PRT Temperature Calibration

           All CTD PRT temperature transducers were calibrated in a
      temperature-controlled bath.  CTD temperatures were compared with
      temperatures calculated from the resistance of a standard platinum
      resistance thermometer (SPRT) as measured by a NBIS ATB-1250
      resistance bridge.  The ultimate temperature standards at ODF are
      water and diphenyl ether triple-point cells and a gallium cell.  Seven
      or more calibration temperatures, spaced across the range of -2.0 to
      20.0 degrees C, were measured both pre- and post-cruise.

           CTD pre- and post-cruise temperature calibrations are summarized
      in Figures 2 and 3.  It should be noted that ODF CTD PRT temperature
      transducers are offset approximately +1.5 degrees C in order to avoid
      a temperature response discontinuity that occurs at 0 degrees C; this
      offset is taken into account when correcting the data.


      4.  CTD Data Processing

      4.1.  Pressure, Temperature, Conductivity/Salinity, and Oxygen
      Corrections

           A maximum of 24 salinity and oxygen check samples were collected
      during each CTD cast.  No thermometric pressure or temperature data
      were collected during this cruise.

           A 3- to 4-second average of the CTD time-series data was
      calculated for each sample.  The resulting data were then used to
      derive CTD conductivity/salinity and oxygen corrections.  The severe
      weather conditions encountered during this cruise dictated that
      shallow bottle stops (in the top 125 meters or so) be very short or
      omitted altogether, thus leading to smeared bottle-trip data for
      shallow bottles.  Typically the winch does not move during a trip.


      4.1.1.  CTD Pressure Corrections

      4.1.1.1.  CTD #1

           CTD #1 pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations, Figures 1a and
      1b were compared.  The warm/shallow and cold/deep calibration curves
      both shifted by about 1 to 1.5 decibars from pre- to post-cruise.  The
      slopes of the warm/shallow pressure calibration curves were nearly
      identical.  The slopes of the cold/deep curves were slightly
      different:  shallower points were nearly identical and the deepest
      points from the two calibrations were about 1.5 decibars apart.
      Thermometric pressures were not measured during the leg.

           The pre-cruise pressure calibration was left in place for the
      pressure data since the pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations had
      slope differences well within the sensor accuracy.  Any residual
      offset was compensated for automatically at each station: as the CTD
      enters the water, the corrected pressure is adjusted to 0 decibars.

      4.1.2.  CTD Temperature Corrections

      4.1.2.1.  CTD #1

           CTD #1 had two temperature sensors: both PRT-1 and PRT-2 were
      calibrated pre- and post-cruise. PRT-1 was the main temperature sensor
      and was used exclusively in all data processing.  PRT-2 was used to
      check for PRT-1 drift during the cruise.  A comparison of the pre- and
      post-cruise laboratory CTD #1 PRT-1 temperature transducer
      calibrations, Figures 2a and 2b, showed two curves with nearly
      identical slopes and a -.0008 degrees C temperature shift in the range
      of -1 to 7 degrees C.  For PRT-2, the secondary sensor, a comparison
      of the two calibrations, Figures 3a and 3b, also showed curves with
      nearly identical slopes and a +.0006 degrees C temperature shift in
      the range of -1 to 6 degrees C.  The pre-cruise PRT-1 temperature
      calibration, Figure 2a, remained in effect for the CTD data since any
      differences between pre- and post-cruise temperature calibrations were
      negligible and well within the sensor accuracy.

           No thermometric temperatures were measured during this cruise.
      The PRT-1 minus PRT-2 differences were monitored during the cruise to
      check for possible temperature shifts.  None were detected, and as
      expected, the pre- and post-cruise PRT-1 minus PRT-2 differences were
      consistent.


                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe


      4.1.3.  CTD Conductivity Corrections

           In order to calibrate CTD conductivity, check-sample
      conductivities were calculated from the bottle salinities using CTD
      pressures and temperatures.  For each cast, the differences between
      sample and CTD conductivities at all pressures were fit to CTD
      conductivity using a linear least-squares fit.  Values greater than 2
      standard deviations from the fits were rejected.  The resulting
      conductivity correction slopes were plotted as a function of station
      number.  The conductivity slopes were then fit as a function of
      station number to generate smoothed slopes.  These smoothed slopes
      were an average of the slopes for the cruise (0-order).  Since the
      range of conductivities in this part of the ocean is very narrow, the
      conductivity slope correction does not have a great effect on the
      data.

           Conductivity differences were then calculated for each cast after
      applying the preliminary conductivity slope corrections.  Residual
      conductivity offsets were computed for each cast and fit to station
      number.  Smoothed offsets were determined by groups, based on common
      conditions (i.e. such factors as pre- and post-conductivity-sensor
      cleaning).  The resulting smoothed offsets were then applied to the
      data.  Then conductivity slope as a function of conductivity was re-
      checked: no changes were warranted.

           Some offsets were manually adjusted to account for discontinuous
      shifts in the conductivity transducer response, or to insure a
      consistent deep T-S relationship from station to station.

           Station 711 was the only station showing any discontinuity with
      surrounding stations in the conductivity transducer response, and it
      was adjusted to match its own bottle salinities, which also matched
      the deep Theta-S data of surrounding stations.  This cast exhibited
      strange results which were noted at sea during the cast.  The top 340
      decibars of this cast are offset, but it was impossible to use the
      upcast due to multiple offsets.  Probably this entire cast is still
      suspect.  We are surmising that the sensor became coated with
      protoplasmic slime early in the cast, some of which came off around
      340 decibars, and which kept gradually washing off during the down and
      up casts.

           Plots of the final conductivity slopes and offsets can be found
      in Figures 4 and 5.


                           Conductivity Correction Summary

                    Stations | CTD# | Cond.Slopes | Cond.Offsets@
                    ---------+------+-------------+--------------
                    682-686  |  1   | -1.5079e-3  |  +4.0999e-2  
                    ---------+------+-------------+--------------
                    687-690  |  1   | -1.5079e-3  |  +4.5252e-2  
                    ---------+------+-------------+--------------
                    691-710  |  1   | -1.5079e-3  |  +4.3439e-2  
                    ---------+------+-------------+--------------
                    711-761  |  1   | -1.5079e-3  |  +4.0357e-2  
                    ---------+------+-------------+--------------
                    762-769  |  1   | -1.5079e-3  |  +3.8297e-2  
                    ---------+------+-------------+--------------
                    770-794  |  1   | -1.5079e-3  |  +3.6655e-2  


      @individual stations were adjusted after this for conductivity sensor
      shifting or to insure a consistent deep T-S relationship from cast to cast.


                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      4.1.3.1.  Bottle vs. CTD Conductivity Statistical Summary

           The IOFFE6 calibrated bottle-minus-CTD conductivity statistics
      include bottle salinity values with quality 3 or 4.  There is approxi-
      mately a 1:1 correspondence between conductivity and salinity residual
      differences.  The following statistical results were generated from
      the final bottle data set and the final corrected CTD data:


                 IOFFE6 Final Bottle-CTD Conductivity Statistics             

             |                 |  mean conductivity   |           |        
      cruise |    pressure     |      difference      | standard  | #values
             |  range(dbars)   | (bottle-CTD mmho/cm) | deviation | in mean
      -------+-----------------+----------------------+-----------+--------
      IOFFE6 | all pressures   |      -.00025@@       |   .01758  |  2543  
             | allp (4,2rej) @ |      -.00009         |   .00162  |  2437  
             +-----------------+----------------------+-----------+--------
             | press < 1500    |       .00022         |   .01446  |  1559  
             | p<1500(4,2rej)@ |      -.00011         |   .00219  |  1477  
             +-----------------+----------------------+-----------+--------
             | press > 1500    |      -.00100@@@      |   .02161  |   984  
             | p>1500(4,2rej)@ |      -.00008         |   .00075  |   964  

        @ "4,2rej" means a 4,2 standard-deviation rejection filter was
          applied to the differences before generating the results.
       @@ A plot of these differences can be found in Figure 6a.
      @@@ A plot of these differences can be found in Figure 6b.


      4.2.  CTD Dissolved Oxygen Data

      4.2.1.  CTD Oxygen Corrections

           Dissolved oxygen data were acquired using Sensormedics dissolved
      oxygen sensors.  The ocean area in which this cruise occurred provided
      harsh conditions for CTD oxygen sensors, especially the freezing
      temperatures.  Due to the severe conditions, only the larger features
      in the CTD oxygen profiles should be considered realistic.  Many
      profiles are very noisy and/or have extraneous oscillations.

           CTD oxygen data are corrected after pressure, temperature and
      conductivity corrections have been determined.  CTD raw oxygen
      currents were extracted from the pressure-series data at isopycnals
      corresponding to the up-cast check samples.  Most pressure-series data
      were from the down casts, where oxygen data are usually smoother than
      up-cast data because of the more constant lowering rate, avoiding the
      flow-dependence problems occurring at up-cast bottle stops.  However,
      the IOFFE6 CTD oxygen data were affected with flow-dependence
      problems, down or up cast, each time a cast was stopped.  There can
      also be flow-dependence problems if a cast is slowed down, as often
      happens during bottom approaches.

           The CTD oxygen correction coefficients were determined by
      applying a modified Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least squares
      fitting procedure to residual differences between CTD and bottle
      oxygen values.  Bottle oxygen values were weighted as required to
      optimize the fitting of CTD oxygen to discrete bottle samples.  Some
      bottle levels were omitted from a fit because of large pressure
      differences between down- and up-cast CTD data at isopycnals.  Deep
      data points were often weighted more heavily than shallower data due
      to the higher density of shallow sampling on a typical 24-bottle
      sampling scheme.

           The IOFFE6 surface oxygen data fitting was adversely affected by
      the extreme cold conditions.  Freezing sensors, combined with the
      typical going-in-water bubbles/noise, made it difficult to fit CTD
      oxygens to the bottle data in the surface mixed layer of many casts.
      The value of data above the second check sample should be very
      carefully considered.  Sometimes, due to freezing of the oxygen
      sensor, the CTD oxygen data may be suspect for as much as the top 100
      decibars.  Any station where questionable data goes deeper than about
      10 decibars is noted in the "CTD Shipboard and Processing Comments" in
      Appendix D.

                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe


      4.2.2.  Bottle vs. CTD Oxygen Statistical Summary

           The CTD oxygens are generated by fitting up cast oxygen bottle
      data to down cast CTD raw oxygen (amps) measurements along isopycnals.
      Residual oxygen differences are not generated from these comparisons,
      so no comparison statistics are shown in this report.

      4.3.  Additional Processing

           A software filter was used on 35 casts to remove conductivity or
      temperature spiking problems in about .066% of the time-series data
      frames.  Pressure did not require filtering.

           Oxygen spikes were filtered out of 6 casts.  The filtered oxygen
      levels affected approximately .008% of the time-series data frames.
      58.3% of the filtered oxygen data were shallower than 100 dbars and
      could possibly be directly related to bubbles trapped during the
      going-in-water transition or freezing of the sensor.

           The remaining density inversions in high-gradient regions cannot
      be accounted for by a mis-match of pressure, temperature and
      conductivity sensor response.  Detailed examination of the raw data
      shows significant mixing occurring in these areas because of ship
      roll.  The ship-roll filter resulted in a reduction in the amount and
      size of density inversions.

           After filtering, the down cast (or up cast - see table below)
      portion of each time-series was pressure-sequenced into 2-decibar
      pressure intervals.  A ship-roll filter was applied to each cast
      during pressure sequencing to disallow pressure reversals.

      5.  General Comments/Problems

           There is one pressure-sequenced CTD data set, to near the ocean
      floor, for each of 113 casts at 112 station locations.  There was a
      reoccupation of station 768 (as station 781).  There was additionally
      a 3-cast shakedown station, a freon bottle check station, plus one
      cast aborted to avoid an iceberg; these were neither processed nor
      reported.  Another CTD cast was done after the aborted cast at the
      same location.

           The data reported is from down casts, excepting the stations
      listed below:


                      UP-CAST PRESSURE-SERIES DATA REPORTED

                    Station(s) | Problem with Down Cast Data
                    -----------+----------------------------
                     687,769   | Salinity offset(s); up ok  
                    -----------+----------------------------
                       702     | CTD signal lost at approxi-
                               | mately 3655 db down (cast  
                               | 1); signal came back on way
                               | up. Went back down (called 
                               | cast 2) to get a complete  
                               | upcast and trip bottles.   
                               | Only complete cast is cast 
                               | 2 (upcast).                


                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe


           The top level(s) (0 or 0-2 decibar(s) usually, but up to 16
      decibars for a few stations with serious freezing problems) of some
      casts were extrapolated using a quadratic fit through the next three
      deeper levels.  Recorded surface values were rejected only when it
      appeared that the drift was caused by sensors adjusting to the in-
      water transition or freezing/thawing; if there was any question that
      the that the surface values might be real, the original data were
      reported.  Extrapolated surface levels are identified by a count of
      "1" in the "Number of Raw Frames in Average" reported with each data
      record in the files.  The pressures for these extrapolated data
      frames, as well as other cast-by-cast shipboard or processing
      comments, are listed in the "CTD Shipboard and Processing Comments" in
      Appendix D.

           Harsh weather during this cruise combined with working off the
      stern of the ship led to numerous wire problems.  These resulted in
      many stops, pauses, or yoyos during casts, the most severe of which
      are documented in Appendix D.

           In addition, missing data values, such as CTD oxygens in casts
      where the sensor failed or was not present on the rosette package, are
      represented as "-9" in the data files.  There are 20 such casts in
      this data set:

         687/02,688/01,689/01,690/01,692/01,719/01,720/01,721/01,723/01,
         724/01,773/01,774/01,775/01,776/01,777/01,778/01,779/01,780/01,
         781/01 and 782/01.

      There were 35 casts where the oxygen signal seemed to fail only during
      the top 80 or so decibars (probably due to extreme cold and/or sensor
      freezing); these are not reported as "-9", but the affected pressure
      levels are listed in Appendix D for the following stations:

         684,686,696,699,702,703,704,705,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,717,718,
         722,730,733,734,739,740,743,751,752,759,761,768,770,771,772,783,784 
         and 792 (all cast 1).

           The CTD oxygen sensor often requires several seconds in the water
      before being wet enough to respond properly; this is manifested as low
      or high CTD oxygen values at the start of some casts.  Flow-dependence
      problems occur when the lowering rate varies, or when the CTD is
      stopped, as at the cast bottom or bottle trips, where depletion of
      oxygen at the sensor can cause lower oxygen readings.







                                     Appendix C:


                              IOFFE6 Calibration Figures


                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS


      Figure 1a:   CTD #1 Pre-cruise Pressure Calibration
      Figure 1b:   CTD #1 Post-cruise Pressure Calibration

      Figure 2a:   CTD #1 Pre-cruise PRT-1 Temperature Calibration
      Figure 2b:   CTD #1 Post-cruise PRT-1 Temperature Calibration

      Figure 3a:   CTD #1 Pre-cruise PRT-2 Temperature Calibration
      Figure 3b:   CTD #1 Post-cruise PRT-2 Temperature Calibration

      Figure 4:    IOFFE6 Conductivity Slopes
      Figure 5:    IOFFE6 Conductivity Offsets

      Figure 6a:   IOFFE6 Residual Conductivity Bottle-CTD Differences - 
                   All Pressures
      Figure 6b:   IOFFE6 Residual Conductivity Bottle-CTD Differences - 
                   Prs>1500dbar

            NOTE:  some differences fall outside of the plotted limits.
                   Please refer to the bottle data quality codes.




                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

                                     Appendix D:


                           IOFFE6 Processing Notes (WOCE-S4)


                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS        






      1.   CTD Shipboard and Processing Comments
      2.   Cast Stops Longer Than 1 Minute
      3.   CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary
      4.   Summary of IOFFE6 CTD Oxygen Time Constants
      5.   Levenberg-Marquardt Non-linear Least-Squares-Fit Oxygen 
           Coefficients



               IOFFE6 / WOCE-S4 CTD Shipboard and Processing Comments

      sta/cast   Comments
      --------   ------------------------------------------------------------
      681/01     shakedown cast, no samples - not part of final data
                 distribution
      681/02     shakedown cast, no samples - not part of final data
                 distribution
      681/03     shakedown cast, freon & SSW samples - not part of final data
                 distribution; new end termination after cast due to PRT2
                 problem
      682/01
      683/01
      684/01     delay before cast start (approx 30 min) due to ice "growlers"
                 near ship; top 20 db CTD oxygen questionable
      685/01     "steaming on wire on upcast"
      686/01     new xmiss; problems with oxygen signal noted during cast; top
                 15 db CTD oxygen questionable
      687/01     delay before cast start to avoid iceberg; cast ABORTED
      687/02     UP cast (salinity offset on down cast); no CTD oxygen data
                 (sensor not working properly)
      688/01     no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working properly)
      689/01     no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working properly); 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      690/01     no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working properly)
      691/01     new CTD oxygen sensor
      692/01     new CTD oxygen sensor; no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working
                 properly)
      693/01     new CTD oxygen sensor
      694/01     after cast: cut off 50 m CTD cable due to kink & unlays - new
                 end termination and added more weight to rosette
      694/03     shallow IOAN biology cast - not part of final data
                 distribution
      695/01
      696/01     xmiss not working properly?; top 18 db CTD oxygen questionable
      697/01     0-db level extrapolated
      698/01     need to clean xmiss windows:  uptrace very different from down
      699/01     top 40 db CTD oxygen questionable
      700/01
      701/01     swell causing slack wire on deployment; by 3600 m down, wind
                 up to 40 knots & decided to head back up to surface; wire very
                 slack at 10 m stop:  kinks in wire - after cast, cut wire &
                 reterminated; approx 3-min pause at 72 db down:  data affected
                 in all channels

                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      sta/cast   Comments
      --------   ------------------------------------------------------------
      702/01     hove to and waited 6 1/2 hrs to start due to wind (35 knots) &
                 swell; added 150 lbs more lead pre-cast; lost CTD signal at
                 3655 db down but kept going deeper, so incomplete cast - not
                 part of final data distribution
      702/02     UP cast:  continuation of 702/01 after CTD signal recovered &
                 cast already on its way back up (3240 mwo) - after CTD signal
                 recovery, cast taken back down to bottom before bringing up to
                 have a complete up cast for this station; slack wire at 60 m
                 stop:  kink; top 70 db CTD oxygen questionable
      703/01     kink in same place as station 702:  new end termination after
                 cast; top 120 db CTD oxygen questionable
      704/01     strong winds but seas not bad; 20 deg wire angle:  no slack
                 wire, no kinks; top 100 db CTD oxygen questionable
      705/01     rosette hit A-frame twice on recovery, breaking some bottles;
                 top 100 db CTD oxygen questionable
      706/01     little slack but not bad - towing at approx 20 deg angle; kink
                 in wire at same place as before: new end termination after
                 cast
      707/01     PRT2 repairs made pre-cast:  PRT2 board fixed inside CTD; 0-db
                 level extrapolated
      708/01     top 12 db CTD oxygen questionable
      709/01     lost CTD signal at 4339 db up:  problem in CTD/xmiss bulkhead
                 connector; top 80 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      710/01     no xmiss; top 100 db CTD oxygen questionable
      711/01     no xmiss; entire station's data questionable due to salinity/
                 conductivity shift at 343 db - upcast not usable due to
                 multiple offsets; as noted at sea, this station's CTD data was
                 totally different from surrounding stations and needed a large
                 conductivity offset adjustment to match surrounding stations'
                 deep T/S; top 110 db CTD oxygen questionable
      712/01     no xmiss; top 100 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      713/01     no xmiss; top 100 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      714/01     no xmiss; top 70 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      715/01     0-db level extrapolated
      716/01
      717/01     xmiss ??; top 70 db CTD oxygen questionable (noted at sea that
                 oxygen sensor probably frozen through mixed layer); 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      718/01     no xmiss; top 40 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      719/01     no xmiss; no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working properly)


                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      sta/cast   Comments
      --------   ------------------------------------------------------------
      720/01     no xmiss; no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working properly);
                 0-db level extrapolated
      721/01     no xmiss; no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working properly)
      722/01     no xmiss; top 80 db CTD oxygen questionable
      723/01     no xmiss; new CTD oxygen sensor; no CTD oxygen data (sensor
                 not working properly); during post-cast rosette recovery too
                 much wire paid out too quickly, resulting in kink:  new end
                 termination
      724/01     no xmiss; no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working properly);
                 0-db level extrapolated
      725/01     0-db level extrapolated
      726/01     0-db level extrapolated
      727/01     0,2-db levels extrapolated; -.001 salinity offset area
                 4174-4222 db
      728/01
      729/01     after cast in, noticed outer lay of armor looks loose
      730/01     top 100 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level extrapolated
      731/01     0,2-db levels extrapolated
      732/01     0-db level extrapolated
      733/01     new end termination after cast; top 70 db CTD oxygen
                 questionable
      734/01     recovery ok, but some oil on water surface as rosette came
                 out; top 40 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      735/01
      736/01     recovery ok, but outer lay of armor unlaying again - either
                 spin or slack???; some big swells on this station
      737/01
      738/01     towing, seas up; loose strands to about 60 mwo; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      739/01     voltage problem - "meg" cable:  ok; xmiss not working well;
                 after cast, new end termination with guy grip; top 80 db CTD
                 oxygen questionable; 0-db level extrapolated
      740/01     ok - wire shows signs of unlaying - block still seems a little
                 skewed with shackles - needs swivel?; top 80 db CTD oxygen
                 questionable; 0-db level extrapolated
      741/01     xmiss off-scale & may not be working; 0-db level extrapolated
      742/01     surge during recovery:  wire kinked - new end termination
                 after cast; 0-db level extrapolated
      743/01     towing; wind 35 knots; xmiss off-scale and may not be working
                 properly; top 70 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated

                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      sta/cast   Comments
      --------   ------------------------------------------------------------
      744/01     xmiss off-scale & may not be working properly; supposed to be
                 towing cast but slight forward angle as rosette entered water
                 & some slack wire - wire dropped to deck before bridge got
                 ship moving 3-4 min later; recovery ok but large kink/very
                 loose strand approx 10 m from rosette - new end termination;
                 0-db level extrapolated
      745/01     towing at 2 knots - good-size swell but launch ok; after
                 recovery found 2 kinks - big swell; xmiss not working; 0-db
                 level extrapolated
      746/01     waiting on weather - high seas & 39-43 knot winds; trawl wire
                 block rigged in place of CTD block; wind to 29-31 knots & big
                 swell but smoother at cast start - some problem with slack
                 wire - towing at 2 knots; when cast up weather better, but 2
                 kinks; xmiss not working; 0-db level extrapolated
      747/01     no xmiss; pre-cast added weight & found another kink in CTD
                 cable near winch
      748/01     no xmiss
      749/01     no xmiss
      750/01     no xmiss; pinger batteries died during cast (2500 m down);
                 0-db level extrapolated
      751/01     no xmiss; new pinger batteries; top 40 db CTD oxygen
                 questionable
      752/01     no xmiss; top 20 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      753/01     no xmiss; 0-db level extrapolated
      754/01     no xmiss; bottom depth changing by 400 m at beginning of
                 station from 3300 to 3700 m; 0-db level extrapolated
      755/01     xmiss on rosette; towing speed a little slow:  block bounced a
                 few times until angle increased, but when cast in, wire ok;
                 0-db level extrapolated
      756/01
      757/01
      758/01     0-db level extrapolated
      759/01     top 80 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level extrapolated
      760/01
      761/01     top 80 db CTD oxygen questionable; multiple salinity offsets
                 in bottom 150 db caused by temperature and conductivity
                 offsets:  .001 to .003 salinity offset from 4132-4154 db,
                 approximately .004 from 4172-4196 db, and .001 to .002 from
                 4210-4250 db
      762/01     0-db level extrapolated
      763/01     on recovery, rosette hit A-frame 3 ft off deck, damaging some
                 bottles
      764/01
      765/01     good tow

                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      sta/cast   Comments
      --------   ------------------------------------------------------------
      766/01     after in found 1 bad kink - reterminated
      767/01     big swell - towing at 2 knots; after in found 4 kinks,
                 probably from slack during launch - new end termination after
                 cast; temperature, conductivity, salinity and oxygen look
                 strange in area between 530 and 800 db, but sigma theta stays
                 smooth - down/up casts very different in this area; 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      768/01     towed at 2+ knots - several slack wire surges 50-150 mwo;
                 pinger not working; top 40 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db
                 level extrapolated
      769/01     UP cast (salinity offset on down cast); wind approx 23 knots &
                 seas about same as station 768 - slack wire to deck about 25
                 mwo - wire looks ok:  no kinks/ strands a little loose; 0-db
                 level extrapolated
      770/01     weather better:  no slack wire; conductivity sensor cleaned
                 before this station; top 60 db CTD oxygen questionable (noted
                 at sea that oxygen sensor probably frozen as air temp -4.6
                 deg); 0-db level extrapolated
      771/01     good weather; top 60 db CTD oxygen questionable (noted at sea
                 that oxygen sensor probably frozen); 0-6-db levels
                 extrapolated
      772/01     top 50 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-10-db levels extrapolated
      773/01     freezing weather on deck; no CTD oxygen data (CTD oxygen
                 sensor failed at 10 m); 0-12-db levels extrapolated
      774/01     freezing weather on deck; no CTD oxygen data (no CTD oxygen
                 sensor); 0-8-db levels extrapolated
      775/01     freezing weather; no CTD oxygen data (no CTD oxygen sensor);
                 0,2-db levels extrapolated
      776/01     freezing weather; stopped at 10 m to allow sensors to
                 equilibrate; no CTD oxygen data (no CTD oxygen sensor);
                 0-12-db levels extrapolated
      777/01     loose fresh sea ice (pancake ice) - rosette entered in clear
                 water of prop wash/recovery in clear water; no CTD oxygen data
                 (no CTD oxygen sensor); 0-16-db levels extrapolated
      778/01     CTD cold-soaked or had ice on sensors - waited 4 min at 10 m
                 to warm up/ thaw sensors; no CTD oxygen data (no CTD oxygen
                 sensor); 0-8-db levels extrapolated
      779/01     warmed CTD at 10 m for 3 min - top 10 m of down cast no good -
                 sensors frozen; no CTD oxygen data (no CTD oxygen sensor);
                 0-8-db levels extrapolated
      780/01     held at 10 m down to warm up CTD; no CTD oxygen data (no CTD
                 oxygen sensor); 0-8-db levels extrapolated
      781/01     no CTD oxygen data (no CTD oxygen sensor); 0-db level
                 extrapolated

                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      sta/cast   Comments
      --------   ------------------------------------------------------------
      782/01     no CTD oxygen data (no CTD oxygen sensor); 0-db level
                 extrapolated
      783/01     CTD oxygen sensor back on; top 80 db CTD oxygen questionable;
                 0-db level extrapolated
      784/01     top 50 db CTD oxygen questionable; 0-db level extrapolated
      785/01     0,2-db levels extrapolated
      786/01     0-db level extrapolated
      787/01     sampled during blizzard; 0-db level extrapolated
      788/01     big swell - tow at 2.5 knots - no slack during launch; slack
                 wire on recovery approx 50 mwo even though no stop - wind 25
                 knots - rough seas - several bad kinks: new end termination;
                 large wire angle
      789/01     wind 21 knots - seas still rough - waiting for seas to die
                 down; launch ok; on recovery, kink in level wind when paying
                 out wire during recovery; 0-db level extrapolated
      790/01     0-db level extrapolated
      791/01     towing at 2 knots - ok; 0-db level extrapolated
      792/01     towing at 1.5 knots, then increasing to 2 knots; top 80 db CTD
                 oxygen questionable; 0-db level extrapolated
      793/01
      794/01     final S4 station; 0-db level extrapolated
      795/01     freon cast - not part of final data distribution; after
                 recovery found 1 bad kink


                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe


                    IOFFE6: CAST STOPS LONGER THAN 1-MINUTE

            station   down   #minutes   avg.pressure     pressure
             /cast    /up    stopped     (decibars)        range
            ------------------------------------------------------
            682/01    DOWN      3.3         12           (10 - 14)
                                5.5         34           (32 - 36)
                                7.1         74           (72 - 76)
            683/01    DOWN      3.4         12           (10 - 14)
                                1.9         74           (72 - 76)
            684/01    DOWN      3.6         11           (8 - 14)
                                2.1         72           (70 - 74)
            685/01    DOWN      2.1         12           (10 - 14)
                                3.3         73           (70 - 76)
            686/01    DOWN      1.5         12           (10 - 14)
                                2.9         74           (72 - 76)
            687/02     UP       2.6         11           (8  - 14)
                                1.0         32           (30 - 34)
            688/01    DOWN      4.0          9           (2  - 16)
            689/01    DOWN      1.6         12           (10 - 14)
                                2.0         72           (70 - 74)
            690/01    DOWN      2.6         11           (8  - 14)
                                2.1         71           (68 - 74)
            691/01    DOWN      1.5         10           (8  - 12)
                                4.7         74           (72 - 76)
                                1.2       3998         (3996 - 4000)
            692/01    DOWN      3.3          7           (2  - 12)
            693/01    DOWN      1.3         11           (8  - 14)
            694/01    DOWN      3.2          7           (2  - 12)
                                2.6         70           (68 - 72)
            697/01    DOWN      1.7         72           (70 - 74)
            698/01    DOWN      3.9        103          (100 - 106)
                                1.7        203          (202 - 204)
                                1.3       4221         (4218 - 4224)
            701/01    DOWN      3.2         72           (70 - 74)
            702/02     UP       1.6         70           (68 - 72)
            703/01    DOWN      1.2        149          (148 - 150)
            704/01    DOWN      3.1        196          (194 - 198)
                                2.4        495          (490 - 500)
            711/01    DOWN      4.4       4251         (4248 - 4254)
            712/01    DOWN      1.4       4145         (4144 - 4146)
            768/01    DOWN      1.5       1257         (1252 - 1262)
                                1.5       1297         (1294 - 1300)
            787/01    DOWN      1.0       2350         (2348 - 2352)
                                1.2       2784         (2782 - 2786)


                                                         S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

     
      IOFFE6: CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary
      
                PRT     Temperature Coefficients     Conductivity Coefficients
      Sta/   Response   corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0         corC = c1*C + c0
      Cast  Time (secs)   t2            t1          t0        c1          c0
      ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      682/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0410
      683/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0410
      684/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0410
      685/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0410
      686/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0410
      687/02  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0453
      688/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0463
      689/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0468
      690/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0453
      691/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      692/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      693/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      694/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      695/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      696/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      697/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      698/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      699/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      700/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      701/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      702/02  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0449
      703/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      704/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      705/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      706/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      707/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      708/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      709/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      710/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0434
      711/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0754
      712/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      713/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      714/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      715/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      716/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      717/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      718/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      719/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      720/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      721/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      722/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      723/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      724/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      725/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      726/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      727/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      728/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      729/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      730/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      731/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      732/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      733/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      734/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      735/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      736/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      737/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      738/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      739/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      740/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      741/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      742/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      743/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      744/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      745/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      746/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0394
      747/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      748/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      749/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      750/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      751/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      752/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0419
      753/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      754/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      755/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0414
      756/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      757/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      758/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      759/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      760/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      761/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0404
      762/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0383
      763/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0383
      764/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0383
      765/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0383
      766/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0383
      767/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0383
      768/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0383
      769/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0398
      770/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      771/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      772/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      773/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      774/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      775/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      776/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      777/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      778/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      779/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      780/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      781/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      782/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      783/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      784/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      785/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      786/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      787/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0357
      788/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0357
      789/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      790/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      791/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      792/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      793/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      794/01  .325    2.18853e-05  -8.35260e-04  -1.4839  -1.50792e-03  0.0367
      
      
                                                               S04P ð ODF CTD Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe
 

                       Summary of IOFFE6 CTD Oxygen Time Constants

                             Temperature        | Press. | O2 Grad. 
                      ---------------------------------------------
                      Fast(tauTF) | Slow(tauTS) | (tauP) | (tauOG)  
                      ------------+-------------+--------+---------
                         32.0     |    363.0    |  19.4  |   60.0   



      IOFFE6 CTD Oxygen:  Levenberg-Marquardt Non-linear Least-Squares-Fit Coefficients
      
      Sta/       Slope        Offset        Pcoeff        TFcoeff       TScoeff       OGcoeff
      Cast       (c1)          (c2)          (c3)        (c4/fast)     (c5/slow)        (c6)
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      682/01  4.41656e-04   2.81506e-01   2.59066e-04  -1.18066e-01   8.75760e-02  -5.92099e-05
      683/01  1.12553e-03  -3.49833e-01  -8.22970e-05   3.68271e-02  -3.19311e-03  -5.34368e-03
      684/01  6.16649e-04   1.61790e-01  -4.60659e-04  -5.03203e-02   2.24278e-02   1.04247e-02
      685/01  7.08322e-04  -7.98769e-02  -5.66257e-05  -3.27601e-02   9.56105e-02  -2.11736e-03
      686/01  6.81419e-04  -1.51064e-01   1.80425e-04  -2.71929e-02  -1.50646e-02   1.83377e-05
      691/01  1.06698e-03  -2.53905e-02   1.63225e-04  -1.37322e-02  -7.67522e-03  -4.78056e-04
      693/01  1.24055e-03  -8.53240e-02   1.75683e-04   1.35587e-02  -6.06646e-02   3.96825e-03
      694/01  1.13914e-03  -4.54231e-02   1.67281e-04   1.90263e-02  -3.38050e-02  -2.89906e-03
      695/01  1.25086e-03  -1.49895e-01   2.24898e-04   4.22672e-02  -2.73415e-02  -1.12904e-02
      696/01  1.15387e-03   2.69581e-02   1.19573e-04  -3.07104e-02  -4.85211e-02   2.10160e-02
      
      697/01  1.25846e-03  -8.04296e-02   1.69573e-04   1.06062e-02  -5.16751e-02   7.56906e-03
      698/01  9.97905e-04   2.12734e-02   1.50025e-04  -1.26084e-02   2.83711e-03  -5.24004e-04
      699/01  1.13006e-03  -4.24718e-02   1.68862e-04  -5.55727e-04  -1.61875e-02   4.39058e-03
      700/01  1.09283e-03  -2.81896e-03   1.51030e-04   9.62159e-03  -3.68770e-02   2.03188e-03
      701/01  1.20881e-03  -1.13564e-01   2.04570e-04   1.35117e-02  -7.07136e-03   7.47335e-04
      702/02  1.13335e-03  -4.48679e-02   1.66911e-04  -1.47351e-02   2.48849e-02  -4.93871e-03
      703/01  4.95642e-04   3.41654e-01   5.72309e-05  -1.30936e-01   8.31153e-02  -1.47493e-02
      704/01  1.08428e-03  -4.90157e-02   1.81499e-04  -2.35185e-03   9.69122e-03  -3.51149e-03
      705/01  9.51020e-04   1.23543e-01   9.83544e-05  -8.45067e-02   2.29196e-02   1.99789e-02
      706/01  1.12179e-03  -7.51298e-02   1.95906e-04  -5.71601e-04   1.78119e-02  -3.25526e-03
      
      707/01  1.13968e-03  -3.36107e-02   1.61342e-04  -1.24755e-02  -1.05295e-02   4.88687e-03
      708/01  1.09264e-03   2.40151e-02   1.32699e-04  -3.40506e-02  -1.43238e-02   1.33208e-02
      709/01  1.17928e-03  -8.47251e-02   1.89398e-04   2.05195e-02  -2.48384e-02   1.17111e-02
      710/01  9.80998e-04   1.20630e-01   1.00686e-04  -5.23040e-02  -1.81247e-02   2.19228e-02
      711/01  9.96184e-04   1.34570e-01   9.13930e-05  -6.80733e-02  -1.92439e-02   2.94639e-02
      712/01  1.15907e-03  -5.53703e-03   1.43922e-04  -2.32606e-02  -1.47306e-02  -1.78617e-04
      713/01  1.21997e-03  -6.29919e-02   1.73581e-04  -1.66829e-02  -5.79670e-03  -3.99356e-03
      
      714/01  1.31936e-03  -1.47018e-01   2.10924e-04  -2.05979e-02   3.30750e-02   1.19064e-03
      715/01  1.33844e-03  -1.31428e-01   1.91589e-04   3.60549e-02  -3.88092e-02  -4.04108e-04
      716/01  1.29558e-03  -1.21359e-01   1.95892e-04   2.69460e-02  -3.68500e-02   5.28753e-03
      
      717/01  6.17421e-04   3.18335e-01   5.54860e-05  -7.22565e-02  -1.39745e-03  -5.12861e-03
      718/01  1.25441e-03  -1.27688e-01   2.11262e-04   3.90072e-02  -2.30022e-02  -2.28054e-02
      722/01  1.02297e-03   4.00209e-02   1.37768e-04  -2.67640e-02   8.86520e-03  -3.32302e-03
      725/01  1.01728e-03   1.24892e-02   1.51013e-04  -4.12244e-02  -1.07148e-02   1.59435e-02
      726/01  9.22823e-04   8.80208e-02   1.25605e-04  -1.34292e-02  -2.12598e-02   4.10653e-03
      727/01  9.43562e-04   9.17664e-02   1.18396e-04  -3.85186e-02  -1.00319e-02   6.38133e-03
      728/01  1.02918e-03   1.84145e-02   1.48880e-04  -1.35024e-02  -1.25400e-02   4.99005e-03
      729/01  1.04585e-03   4.14905e-02   1.32547e-04  -2.11893e-02  -2.34922e-02   7.62123e-03
      730/01  9.30988e-04   9.30923e-02   1.20562e-04  -3.05369e-02   6.00394e-03  -8.30193e-03
      731/01  9.87435e-04   5.70260e-02   1.32424e-04  -2.90472e-02  -2.43773e-03   3.13893e-03
      
      732/01  9.66307e-04   8.32789e-02   1.23135e-04  -2.28400e-02  -1.56844e-02   3.33191e-03
      733/01  1.00736e-03   5.15322e-02   1.34336e-04  -2.11251e-02  -8.56873e-03   1.91424e-03
      734/01  1.06679e-03   9.28361e-04   1.55277e-04  -1.09244e-02  -2.94109e-03   3.02109e-03
      735/01  1.07422e-03   1.63055e-02   1.43831e-04  -1.60743e-02  -1.17162e-02   5.20765e-03
      736/01  1.06161e-03   3.51262e-02   1.36107e-04  -1.49699e-02  -2.47393e-02   4.63908e-03
      737/01  9.43655e-04   9.54865e-02   1.22031e-04  -2.35100e-02  -1.29253e-02   1.03330e-03
      738/01  1.01605e-03   4.69968e-02   1.36045e-04  -2.45487e-02  -4.42285e-03   6.98044e-03
      739/01  1.04500e-03   4.12862e-02   1.34994e-04  -2.21867e-02  -2.67270e-02   6.59985e-03
      740/01  1.00722e-03   4.68610e-02   1.37644e-04  -2.82343e-02  -1.27683e-02   9.70662e-03
      741/01  1.07689e-03   6.21134e-03   1.51098e-04  -2.14836e-02  -2.29251e-03   1.66719e-03
      
      742/01  1.11749e-03  -1.99199e-02   1.59652e-04  -2.32734e-02  -2.91259e-03   5.71045e-03
      743/01  1.08062e-03   2.41658e-03   1.54384e-04  -5.48815e-04  -1.51616e-02   2.73304e-03
      744/01  7.92861e-04   2.03175e-01   8.83111e-05  -7.48440e-02  -6.32590e-03   1.05644e-02
      745/01  9.78509e-04   1.29462e-01   9.39197e-05  -8.56711e-02  -2.68440e-02   1.76821e-02
      746/01  1.06157e-03   3.33899e-02   1.34159e-04  -4.94038e-02  -3.17785e-02   1.07234e-02
      747/01  1.03218e-03   4.64828e-02   1.33465e-04  -3.57133e-02  -2.10449e-02   1.25009e-02
      748/01  1.00945e-03   5.05572e-02   1.36613e-04  -2.77915e-02  -1.18835e-03   3.90772e-03
      749/01  1.08489e-03  -3.15783e-03   1.59603e-04  -7.30272e-03  -5.27910e-03   8.99389e-04
      750/01  9.81795e-04   7.61463e-02   1.27556e-04  -2.54811e-02  -9.14099e-03   5.19314e-03
      751/01  1.03046e-03   6.21426e-02   1.26067e-04  -2.63776e-02  -3.74864e-02   1.60283e-02
      
      752/01  1.06352e-03   3.38857e-03   1.60193e-04  -6.69881e-03   1.27223e-03   2.82855e-03
      753/01  1.19316e-03  -7.14764e-02   1.83943e-04   2.02358e-02  -1.73475e-02  -1.51704e-03
      754/01  1.06753e-03  -1.20240e-02   1.71504e-04  -1.47634e-02   1.15604e-02   5.94094e-04
      755/01  1.04002e-03   3.34986e-02   1.43687e-04  -3.56100e-02   1.20365e-02   4.30685e-03
      756/01  1.11417e-03  -2.90768e-02   1.72046e-04  -6.36752e-03   1.53638e-03  -3.22713e-03
      757/01  1.03159e-03   5.17161e-02   1.32950e-04  -2.78426e-02  -1.22045e-02   4.45065e-03
      758/01  1.06727e-03   3.26866e-02   1.40032e-04  -2.00083e-02  -2.21015e-02   4.19773e-03
      
      759/01  1.07458e-03   2.32103e-02   1.43934e-04   3.31199e-03  -3.82828e-02   4.30527e-03
      760/01  1.03626e-03   4.95339e-02   1.33178e-04  -4.58149e-02   6.18640e-03   6.81963e-03
      761/01  1.37846e-03  -1.86038e-01   2.27162e-04   4.58648e-02  -3.96518e-02   1.45495e-03
      
      762/01  1.02235e-03   4.93738e-02   1.35020e-04  -2.86184e-02  -1.67663e-03   3.29039e-03
      763/01  9.56944e-04   8.21471e-02   1.27766e-04  -3.08040e-02  -8.93907e-04   4.38508e-03
      764/01  9.95644e-04   8.16647e-02   1.20702e-04   5.78796e-03  -4.89629e-02   1.14173e-02
      765/01  8.81785e-04   1.59011e-01   9.60669e-05  -7.35669e-02   3.03010e-05   9.06128e-03
      766/01  6.66657e-04   3.11005e-01   5.35788e-05  -9.58272e-02  -2.77111e-02   2.20680e-02
      767/01  1.00595e-03   8.70842e-02   1.13879e-04  -6.61491e-02  -1.71870e-03   7.47700e-03
      768/01  1.00595e-03   8.70842e-02   1.13879e-04  -6.61491e-02  -1.71870e-03   7.47700e-03
      769/01  9.60211e-04   1.31875e-01   9.47621e-05  -7.78393e-02   1.85687e-02   5.80810e-03
      770/01  2.85714e-04   5.69253e-01  -9.57164e-06  -1.79322e-01  -1.94009e-02   5.99516e-03
      771/01  1.43330e-03  -1.49962e-01   1.79819e-04  -1.35956e-02  -4.59710e-02   1.68344e-03
      
      772/01  4.99006e-04   3.08401e-01   8.56742e-05  -5.32395e-02   1.81703e-02   8.53352e-04
      783/01  3.99416e-04   3.29057e-01   2.86458e-05  -1.43662e-01   1.22821e-02   1.81898e-02
      784/01  8.27242e-04   6.18770e-02   3.80352e-05  -8.66567e-02  -7.50808e-02   2.46716e-02
      785/01  5.82952e-04   2.64293e-01   1.51268e-05  -1.72123e-01   5.02482e-04   1.82899e-02
      786/01  7.01986e-04   1.30892e-01   5.17891e-05  -1.56562e-01   2.89275e-02   2.24523e-02
      787/01  1.13594e-03  -2.45698e-01   2.19656e-04   4.84864e-02  -1.08180e-02  -8.06271e-03
      788/01  4.41362e-04   3.93432e-01   2.77288e-05  -1.32294e-01  -2.46089e-02   1.92975e-02
      789/01  8.56845e-04   4.45344e-02   1.25687e-04  -5.25621e-02  -1.12070e-02   7.20958e-03
      790/01  7.66731e-04   1.10904e-01   1.19183e-04  -9.05424e-03  -5.64651e-02   1.77683e-02
      791/01  5.69547e-04   2.64954e-01   7.08795e-05  -9.53088e-02  -2.07165e-03   9.90014e-03
      
      792/01  4.29547e-04   3.91761e-01   1.75663e-05  -9.66987e-02  -2.63754e-03   1.92703e-02
      793/01  8.69680e-04   1.75433e-02   1.48746e-04  -4.27301e-02   5.44298e-03  -1.32688e-03
      794/01  8.85232e-04   2.84766e-01  -6.96094e-04  -1.20620e-02   1.18321e-01  -1.52724e-03
      
      
      
      ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
      ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                                        S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe
      
      
                     World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) S4P
                           R/V Akademik Ioffe  RUKDIOFFE6/1
                                   920214  - 920406
                    Montevideo, Uruguay to Wellington, New Zealand
      
                                    CHIEF SCIENTIST
                                  Mikhail Koshlyakov
            Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences
                                        Moscow
                                         and
                                     James Richman
                                Oregon State University
                                     Corvallis, OR
      
                                  DATA SUBMITTED BY:
                          Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                              Oceanographic Data Facility
                          Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                             UC San Diego, Mail Code 0214
                                   9500 Gilman Drive
                               La Jolla, CA  92093-0214
      
                                 phone: (619) 534-1903
                                  fax: (619) 534-7383
                               e-mail: ksanborn@ucsd.edu
      
      
      
               DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS
      
      ODF CTD/rosette casts were carried out with a 24 bottle rosette sampler of
      ODF manufacture using General Oceanics pylons.  An ODF-modified NBIS Mark 3
      CTD, a Benthos altimeter and a SeaTech transmissometer provided by Texas
      A&M University (TAMU) were mounted on the rosette frame.  Seawater samples
      were collected in 10-liter PVC Niskin and ODF bottles mounted on the
      rosette frame.  A Benthos pinger with a self-contained battery pack was
      mounted separately on the rosette frame; its signal was displayed on the
      precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's laboratory.  The rosette/CTD
      was suspended from a three-conductor wire which provided power to the CTD
      and relayed the CTD signal to the laboratory.
      
      Each CTD cast extended to within approximately 10 meters of the bottom
      unless the bottom returns from both the pinger and the altimeter were
      extremely poor.  The bottles were numbered 1 through 24.  When one of these
      24 bottles needed servicing and repairs could not be accomplished by the
      next cast, the replacement bottle was given a new number.  The replacement
      bottles were numbered 25 through 30.  Subsets of CTD data taken at the time
      of water sample collection were transmitted to the bottle data files
      immediately after each cast to provide pressure and temperature at the
      sampling depth, and to facilitate the examination and quality control of
      the bottle data as the laboratory analyses were completed.  The CTD data
      and documentation are submitted separately to the chief scientist.
      
      After each rosette cast was brought on board, water samples were drawn in
      the following order: Freon (CFC-11 and CFC-12), Helium-3, Oxygen, Total
      CO2, Alkalinity, AMS 14C, Tritium, Nutrients (silicate, phosphate, nitrate
      and nitrite), and Salinity.  The samples and the ODF or Niskin sampler they
      were drawn from were recorded on the Sample Log sheet.  Comments regarding
      integrity of the water sample (valve open, lanyard caught in lid, etc.)
      were also noted on the Sample Log sheets.
      
      The discrete hydrographic data were entered into the shipboard data system
      and processed as the analyses were completed.  The bottle data were brought
      to a useable, though not final, state at sea.  ODF data checking procedures
      included verification that the sample was assigned to the correct depth.
      This was accomplished by checking the raw data sheets, which included the
      raw data value and the water sample bottle, versus the sample log sheets.
      Any comments regarding the water samples were investigated.  The raw data
      computer files were also checked for entry errors.  Investigation of data
      included comparison of bottle salinity and oxygen with CTD data, and review
      of data plots of the station profile alone and compared to nearby stations.
      
      If a data value did not either agree satisfactorily with the CTD or with
      other nearby data, then analysis and sampling notes, plots, and nearby data
      were reviewed.  If any problem was indicated, the data value was flagged.
      Appendix C, the Bottle Data Processing Notes, includes comments regarding
      missing samples and investigative remarks for comments made on the Sample
      Log sheets, as well as all flagged (WOCE coded) data values.
      


                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe


      The WOCE codes were assigned to the water data using the criteria:
      
      code 4 =  Does not fit station profile and/or adjoining station
                comparisons.  There are analytical notes indicating a problem,
                but data values are reported.  ODF recommends deletion of these
                data values.  Analytical notes for salinity and/or oxygen may
                include large differences between the water sample and CTD
                profiles.  Sampling errors are also coded 4.
      
      code 3 =  Does not fit station profile or adjoining station comparisons. No
                notes from analyst indicating a problem.  Datum could be real,
                but the decision as to whether it is acceptable will be made by a
                scientist rather than ODF's technicians.
      
      code 2 =  Acceptable measurement.
      
      code 1 =  Sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle, but
                results of analysis not received.
      
      The quality flags assigned to the bottle as defined in the WOCE Operations
      manual are further clarified as follows: If the bottle tripped at a
      different level than planned, ODF assigned it a code 4.  If the bottle
      tripped between the scheduled trip and the next trip, as indicated by the
      water sample data, ODF coded these bottles 3.  If there is a 4 code on the
      bottle, and 2 codes on the salinity, oxygen and nutrients then the pressure
      assignment was probably correct.  An air leak is identified by a 3 code on
      the bottle and 4 code on the oxygen.  Air leaks only affect the gas
      samples.
      
      The following table shows the number of ODF samples drawn and the number of
      times each WOCE sample code was assigned.
      
      
          -------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Rosette Samples Stations 682-794                 
          -------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Reported                WHP Quality Codes              
                       levels    1      2       3     4       5    7       9
          ----------++--------+----------------------------------------------
          Bottle    ||  2612  |  0     2500    30     71      0     0      11
          CTD Salt  ||  2590  |  0     2565    24      1      0     0      22
          CTD Oxy   ||  2099  |  0     2040    59      0     24     0     489
          Salinity  ||  2565  |  0     2493    35     37      0     0      47
          Oxygen    ||  2553  |  0     2515     9     29      9     0      50
          Silicate  ||  2561  |  0     2533     6     22      3     0      48
          Nitrate   ||  2561  |  0     2484    56     21      3     0      48
          Nitrite   ||  2561  |  0     2538     2     21      3     0      48
          Phosphate ||  2560  |  0     2532     7     21      4     0      48
      
      
      Pressure and Temperature
      
      All pressures and temperatures for the bottle data tabulations on the
      rosette casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at
      the time the bottle was closed on the rosette.  All reported CTD data are
      calibrated and processed with the methodology described in the
      documentation accompanying the CTD data submission.
      
      The temperatures are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990.
      

                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      Salinity
      
      The water sample salinities were measured with an ODF-modified Guildline
      Autosal Model 8400A salinometer (Serial Number 57-396) that was
      standardized for each cast with IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-108.
      Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high alumina borosilicate
      bottles with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps.
      This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample
      evaporation.  Salinity was determined after sample equilibration to
      laboratory temperature, usually within 8-36 hours of collection.
      Salinometers were located in a temperature-controlled laboratory.  Only one
      salinometer was used for the salinity samples.  This salinometer was
      connected to a computer to automate the data aquisition.
      
      Salinity bottles were rinsed three times before filling.  Salinity has been
      calculated according to the equations of the Practical Salinity Scale of
      1978 (UNESCO, 1981).  This calculation uses the conductivity ratio
      determined from bottle samples analyzed (minimum of two recorded analyses
      per sample bottle after flushing).  The Autosal salinometer was calibrated
      against a single batch of Wormley IAPSO standard seawater, P-108, with at
      least one fresh vial opened per cast.
      
      Accuracy estimates of bottle salinities run at sea are usually better than
      0.002 psu relative to the specified batch of standard.  Although laboratory
      precision of the Autosal can be as small as 0.0002 psu when running
      replicate samples under ideal conditions, at sea the expected precision is
      about 0.001 psu under normal conditions, with a stable lab temperature.
      
      Oxygen
      
      Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette
      sampler was brought on board and after CFC and helium were drawn.  Nominal
      125 ml volume iodine flasks were rinsed carefully 3 times using sample
      seawater with minimal agitation, then filled via a drawing tube, and
      allowed to overflow for at least 2 flask volumes.  The draw temperature was
      measured and reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering.  The
      flasks were shaken twice; immediately after drawing, and then again after
      20 minutes, to assure thorough dispersion of the Mn(OH)2 precipitate.  The
      samples were analyzed within 4-36 hours of collection.
      
      Dissolved oxygen analyses, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were
      performed via titration in the volume-calibrated iodine flasks with an SIO
      automated oxygen titrator with a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0
      ml buret, using the whole-bottle Winkler titration following the technique
      of Carpenter (1965) with modifications by Culberson et al.  (1991).
      Standardizations were performed with 0.01N potassium iodate solutions
      prepared from preweighed potassium iodate crystals.  Standards were run at
      the beginning of each session of analyses, which typically included from 1
      to 3 stations.  Several standards were made up and compared to assure that
      the results were reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of a
      weighing error.  A correction was made for the amount of oxygen introduced
      with the reagents.  Combined reagent/distilled water blanks were determined
      to account for oxidizing or reducing materials in the reagents.
      
      The data processor and/or analyst plotted the oxygen standards and blanks
      and reviewed the data for possible problems with standards and/or blanks.
      
      Oxygens were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per
      kilogram using the in-situ temperature.  Ideally, for whole-bottle
      titrations, the conversion temperature should be the temperature of the
      water issuing from the Niskin bottle spigot.  The temperature of the
      samples was measured at the time the sample was drawn from the bottle, but
      were not used in the conversion from milliliters per liter to micromoles
      per kilogram because the software is not available.  Aberrant temperatures
      provided an additional flag indicating that a bottle may not have tripped
      properly.  Measured sample temperatures from mid-deep water samples were
      about 4-7 degree C warmer than in-situ temperature.  Had the conversion
      with the measured sample temperature been made, converted oxygen values,
      would be about 0.08% higher for a 6 degree C warming (or about 0.2umol/kg
      for a 250umol/kg sample).
      
      
                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      Nutrients
      
      The nutrient analyses were performed by an analyst from Scripps Institution
      of Oceanography, Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic Data Facility
      (STS/ODF).  Nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) analyses,
      reported in micromoles/kilogram, were performed on a modified AutoAnalyzer
      II.  The procedures used are described in Gordon et al.  (1992).
      Standardizations were performed with solutions prepared aboard ship from
      preweighed standards.  These solutions were used as working standards
      before and after each cast (approximately 24 samples) to correct for
      instrumental drift during analyses.  Sets of 4-6 different concentrations
      of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to determine the
      linearity of colorimeter response and the resulting correction factors.
      Phosphate was analyzed using hydrazine reduction of phosphomolybdic acid as
      described by Bernhardt & Wilhelms (1967).  Silicate was analyzed using
      stannous chloride reduction of silicomolybdic acid.  Nitrite was analyzed
      using diazotization and coupling to form dye; nitrate was reduced by
      copperized cadmium and then analyzed as nitrite.  These three analyses use
      the methods of Armstrong et al.  (1967).
      
      Samples were drawn into 45 ml high density polypropylene, narrow mouth,
      screw-capped centrifuge tubes which were rinsed twice before filling.  Some
      samples may have been refrigerated at 2 to 6 degree C for a maximum of 12
      hours.
      
      Nutrients were converted from micromoles per liter to micromoles per
      kilogram by dividing by sample density calculated at a laboratory
      temperature measured at 25 degree C.
      
      
      DATA COMPARISONS AND COMMENTS
      
      The oxygen and nutrient data were compared by ODF with those from adjacent
      stations.  Dr. James Swift did comparisons with historical data sets.
      
      Data checking procedures included verification of sample depth, accuracy of
      data entry, and data comparisons.  Checking the raw data recordings, which
      included the raw data value and the water sample bottle, versus the sample
      log sheets verified sample trip depths.  The raw data computer files were
      also checked against data sheets and logs for entry errors.  Investigation
      of data included comparison of bottle salinity and oxygen with CTD data,
      and review of data plots of the station profile alone and compared to
      nearby stations.
      
      If a data value did not either agree satisfactorily with the CTD or with
      other nearby data (for example in a plot comparison), analysis and sampling
      notes, plots, and nearby data were reviewed.  If any problem was indicated
      the data value was flagged.  ODF preserved all bottle data values.
      
      Historically, most failures to return a validated water sample can be
      traced to the rosette pylon, with ship's wire and CTD cable end termination
      the next most frequent leading cause.  However, on this expedition the
      pylons and wire worked nearly perfectly, and the leading causes of failure
      to return a reportable water sample were miscellaneous mechanical problems
      with the rosette bottles, i.e., a lanyard hanging up in a lid, open spigot
      and/or vent.
      
      
                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      
                   REFERENCES AND UNCITED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION
      
      Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland, 1967.  The
           measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means
           of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment, Deep-Sea
           Research, 1144, 381-389.
      
      Atlas, E. L., S. W. Hager, L. I. Gordon and P. K. Park, 1971.  A Practical
           Manual for Use of the Technicon(R) AutoAnalyzer(R) in Seawater
           Nutrient Analyses; Revised.  Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22.
           Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography.  49 pp.
      
      Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms, 1967.  The continuous determination of low
           level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the
           AutoAnalyzer, Technicon Symposia, Volume I, 385-389.
      
      Brewer, P. G. and G. T. F. Wong, 1974.  The determination and distribution
           of iodate in South Atlantic waters.  Journal of Marine Research,
           3322,1:25-36.
      
      Bryden, H. L., 1973. New Polynomials for Thermal Expansion, Adiabatic
           Temperature Gradient, Deep-Sea Research, 2200, 401-408.
      
      Carpenter, J. H., 1965.  The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the
           Winkler dissolved oxygen method, Limnology and Oceanography, 1100,
           141-143.
      
      Carter, D. J. T., 1980 (Third Edition).  Echo-Sounding Correction Tables,
           Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence, Taunton Somerset.
      
      Chen, C.-T. and F. J. Millero, 1977. Speed of sound in seawater at high
           pressures.  Journal Acoustical Society of America, 6622, No. 5,
           1129-1135.
      
      Culberson, C. H., Williams, R. T., et al, August, 1991.  A comparison of
           methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater, WHP
           Office Report WHPO 91-2.
      
      Fofonoff, N. P., 1977. Computation of Potential Temperature of Seawater for
           an Arbitrary Reference Pressure.  Deep-Sea Research, 2244, 489-491.
      
      Fofonoff, N. P. and R. C. Millard, 1983. Algorithms for Computation of
           Fundamental Properties of Seawater. UNESCO Report No. 44, 15-24.
      
      Gordon, L. I., Jennings, Joe C. Jr, Ross, Andrew A., Krest, James M., 1992.
           A suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of
           Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint
           Global Ocean Fluxes Study.  OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem
           Oc. Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1.
      
      Hager, S. W., E. L. Atlas, L. D. Gordon, A. W. Mantyla, and P. K. Park,
           1972.  A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of
           phosphate, nitrate, and silicate.  Limnology and Oceanography, 1177,
           931-937.
      
      Lewis, E. L., 1980. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and Its Antecedents.
           IEEE Journal of Oceanographic Engineering, OE-5, 3-8.
      
      Mantyla, A. W., 1982-1983. Private correspondence.
      
      Millero, F. J., C.-T. Chen, A. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, 1980.  A New
           High Pressure Equation of State for Seawater.  Deep-Sea Research, 2277AA,
           255-264.
      
      Saunders, P. M., 1981.  Practical Conversion of Pressure to Depth.  Journal
           of Physical Oceanography, 1111, 573-574.
      
      Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, 1942.  The Oceans, Their
           Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
           Cliff, N.J.
      
      
      UNESCO, 1981.  Background papers and supporting data on the Practical
           Salinity Scale, 1978.  UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No.
           37, 144 p.
      
                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      
      
                   APPENDIX C Data comments:  Hydrographic data
      
      
      Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2
      from RUKDIOFFE6/1 WOCE S4P.  Investigation of data may include comparison
      of bottle salinity and oxygen data with CTD data, review of data plots of
      the station profile and adjoining stations, and rereading of charts (i.e.,
      nutrients). Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investi-
      gations are included in this report.  Units stated in these comments are 
      milliliters per liter for oxygen and micromoles per liter for Silicate,
      Nitrate, and Phosphate, unless otherwise noted.  The first number before
      the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number
      (BTLNBR).
      
      STATION 684
      
      111            CTDO Processor: "Top 20db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      106            Not enough water left for salt.  Salt sample logged and run.
                     Delta-S .022 low at 162db. Calc ok. High gradient.  Footnote
                     salinity questionable.
      
      103            Sample log:"Bad air vent leak-not tight" Delta-S .002 low at
                     303db. Other water samples also ok.
      
      102            Sample log:"Not enough left for salt" Salt sample logged and
                     run. Delta-S .006 low at 363db. Good agreement with CTD S.
                     Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      STATION 686
      
      118            CTDO Processor: "Top 15db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      113            Sample log: "No water."  Lanyard hangup.
      
      101            Sample log: "Leak" type not specified. Delta-S .000 at
                     1524db. Other water samples also ok.
      
      STATION 687
      
      Cast 2         CTDO Processor: "No CTD oxygen data (sensor not working
                     properly)."
      
      208            Sample log: "Small leak."  Delta-S .002 low at 1060db. PO4
                     .07 low, chart rechecked, but other water samples ok. Good
                     O2 & SIL gradients.  JHS: "OA agrees PO4 at least 0.06 low."
                     Nutrient processor: "Looks real, NO3 also little lower."
                     Footnote bottle leaking.  Footnote po4 questionable.
      
      207            Delta-S .005 high at 1207db. Calc ok.  No corresponding bump
                     in CTD trace.  Other water samples have normal gradient.
                     JHS: "OA agrees S ca. 0.006 high."  Footnote salinity
                     questionable.
      
      201            Delta-S .004 low at 2410db. Calc ok.Other water samples look
                     ok. SIL max.  Footnote salinity questionable.  Cast 1
                     aborted due data acquisition problem after rosette brought
                     out of water due tag line problem.
      
      STATION 688
      
      Cast 1         CTDO Processor: "no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working
                     properly)."
      
      108            Sample log: "Dripping from spigot, can't be stopped."
                     Delta-S .000 at 1511db. Other water samples also ok.
      
      103            JHS: "OA says PO4 low by ca. 0.02."  Nutrient Analyst: "Low
                     on chart."  Footnote phosphate questionable.
      
      STATION 689
      
      Cast 1         CTDO Processor: "no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working
                     properly)."
      
      111            Delta-S at 1261db is -0.0074, salinity is 34.722.  See 105
                     salinity comment.  Assume related to 5 & 8 Autosal problem.
                     Footnote salinity bad.
      
      110            See 105 salinity comment.  Delta-S .02 low at 1513db. Calc
                     ok.  Assume related to 5 & 8 Autosal problem.  Footnote
                     salinity bad.
      
      109            See 105 salinity comment.  Delta-S .03 low at 1765db. Calc
                     ok.  Assume related to 5 & 8 Autosal problem.  Footnote
                     salinity bad.
      
      108            See 105 salinity comment.  Delta-S .025 low at 2016db. Calc
                     ok.  Footnote salinity bad.
      
      107            Delta-S at 2270db is -0.0055, salinity is 34.706.  See 105
                     salinity comment.  Assume related to 5 & 8 Autosal problem.
                     Footnote salinity bad.
      
      106            Delta-S at 2527db is -0.005, salinity is 34.703.  See 105
                     salinity comment.  Assume related to 5 & 8 Autosal problem.
                     Footnote salinity bad.
      
      105            Salinity data sheet: "Bottle 5 & 8 would not read
                     correctly."  Salinity data sheet: 5 1.98412 > 1.98438.
                     Salinity data sheet: 8 1.98404 > 1.98441.  Delta-S .012 low
                     at 2781db. Calc ok.  Footnote salinity bad.
      
                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      STATION 690
      
      Cast 1         CTDO Processor: "no CTD oxygen data (sensor not working
                     properly)."
      
      104            No hydro oxygen. Titration error.  Footnote oxygen lost.
      
      103            Sample log: "Air vent open."  Delta-S .000 at 3452db. Other
                     water samples also ok.  Footnote salinity questionable.
                     JHS: "OA suggests O2 0.02 low."  Calc ok.  Footnote oxygen
                     questionable, footnote bottle leaking.
      
      102            Delta-S .003 low @ 3758 db. Calc OK.  Footnote salinity
                     questionable.
      
      STATION 691
      
      124            Sample log: "Air vent open."  Delta-S .000 at 17db. Other
                     samples look reasonable for near surface sample.
      
      108-112        See 101-112 comments. Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      107            Sample log: "No water. Lanyard caught up." Footnote bottle
                     samples not drawn.
      
      106            See 101-112 comments. Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      105            Delta-S at 2940db is -0.0037, salinity is 34.699.  See
                     101-112 comments. Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      104            Delta-S at 3242db is -0.005, salinity is 34.697.  See
                     101-112 comments. Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      103            JHS: "OA suggests NO3 ca. 0.2 low."  Nutrient Analyst: "Bad
                     peak, make it .646 instead of .643."  Footnote no3
                     questionable.  DQE suggests NO3 flagged 2, ODF agrees.
                     Delta-S at 3546db is -0.0056, salinity is 34.696.  See
                     101-112 comments. Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      101-112        JHS: "OA shows 1012 db to bottom to have lowest S per theta
                     on entire cruise. O2 in deep water looks a bit high, and
                     SiO3 below 2500 is some of highest of cruise. Acts like
                     double trip at bottom, with skipped trip above.  Virtually
                     impossible, of course, but this is a strange station anyway
                     you look at it."  Nutrient Analyst: "Can't find any SIL
                     problems."  Footnote salinities questionable.
      
      101            Delta-S at 4066db is -0.0039, salinity is 34.697.  See
                     101-112 comments. Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      STATION 692
      
      Cast 1         Salinity: "After this salinity run, technician replaced lamp
                     and cell tubing."  CTDO Processor: "no CTD oxygen data
                     (sensor not working properly)."
      
      117            Sample log: "No water in 17."  "Lanyard hangup."  Footnote
                     bottle samples not drawn.
      
      107            Delta-S .87 low. All samples indicate NB 7 closed near
                     surface. Probable lanyard hangup.  Footnote bottle leaking,
                     footnote samples bad.  ODF recommends deletion of water
                     samples.
      
      101            Delta-S .006 low at 3594db. Calc ok.  Other water samples
                     ok. CTD S trace straight at bottom.  JHS: "OA suggests S low
                     by at least 0.003."  Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      STATION 693
      
      101            Delta-S .004 high at 3371db. Calc ok.  Other water samples
                     ok. CTD S trace straight at bottom.  JHS: "OA suggest S high
                     by 0.006."  Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      STATION 694
      
      Cast 3         Biology station, no samples.
      
      116            No nutrients. Sample tube empty.  Sample log indicates
                     sample should have been drawn.  Footnote sil, no3, no2, and
                     po4 lost.
      
      108            Delta-S at 2068db is -0.0039, salinity is 34.708.  No
                     action, leave as is.
      
      STATION 695
      
      Cast 1         JHS: "OA shows PO4 high while NO3 low over almost all of
                     water column.  OA suggests it may be NO3 that is "off"."
                     Nutrient Analyst: "Can't find anything wrong."
      
      122            Sample log: "Small leak." Not specified.  Delta-S.385 high
                     at 85db. Other water samples indicate NB22 closed around
                     175db.  Footnote bottle leaking, footnote samples bad.  ODF
                     recommends deletion of all water samples.
      
      121            Sample log: "Small leak." Not specified.  Samples look ok
                     for high gradient area at 125db.  DQE: "124.8db bottle may
                     leak, SALNTY is 0.017 less than upcast CTDSAL, which means
                     water sample could be mixed with shallower waters, as well
                     as for oxygen, OXYGEN is higher than downcast CTDOXY."
                     Based on DQE comment and comment from Sample Log, footnote
                     bottle leaking and samples bad even though DQE indicated
                     only Salinity and oxygen since that was the only data DQE
                     was looking at.

                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      
      105            JHS: "OA suggests S high by ca. 0.003."  Delta-S .002 high
                     at 2774db. Calc ok.  Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      STATION 696
      
      124            CTDO Processor: "Top 18db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      123            Sample log: "Salt btl has loose thimble" Delta-S .001 high
                     at 54db.
      
      120            Sample log: "Salt btl has loose thimble" Delta-S .012 high
                     at 175db. High grad.
      
      118            Sample log: "Salt btl has loose thimble" Delta-S .007 low at
                     255db. High gradient.
      
      113            Sample log: "Salt btl has loose thimble" Delta-S .001 high
                     at 759db.  No hydro oxygen. "Parity error" on O2 computer
                     before data saved.  Footnote oxygen lost.
      
      111            Sample log: "Salt btl has loose thimble" Delta-S .001 low at
                     1264db.
      
      106            Sample log: "Salt btl has loose thimble" Delta-S .000 at
                     2627db.
      
      104            Sample log: "Salt btl has loose thimble" Delta-S .000 at
                     3236db.
      
      103            Sample log: "Air vent leak.  Not tight."  Delta-S .000 at
                     3545db. Other water samples also ok.
      
      STATION 698
      
      Cast 1         Tripping problem. First trigger had no trip box confirm & 5
                     ISI confirms.  Data indicate NBs 1&2 closed at bottom and no
                     sample at 10db.  Possibly ramp shaft turned back from 1 to
                     24 instead of cocking 24 with 3rd hand to hold ramp shaft.
      
      107            JHS: "OA suggests PO4 high by 0.02-0.03."  Nutrient Analyst:
                     "Peak ok, higher."  Footnote phosphate questionable.  DQE
                     suggests PO4 flagged 2, ODF agrees.
      
      106            Sample log: "Bottom end cap leaked."  Delta-S .001 high at
                     3248db. Other water samples also ok.
      
      101            Sample log: "Air vent closed lightly.  bottom end cap
                     leaked."  Delta-S .001 high at 4296db. Other water samples
                     also ok.
      
      STATION 699
      
      124            CTDO Processor: "Top 40db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      121            No hydro oxygen. "Parity Error" on computer before data
                     saved.  Footnote oxygen lost.
      
      STATION 700
      
      113            Delta-S .02 low at 1003db. Calc ok. CTD S trace shows no
                     corresponding bump.  Same value at NB14, probable dupe draw
                     or run.  Footnote salinity bad.
      
      101            Sample log: "Small leak."  Delta-S .001 low at 4407db. Other
                     water samples also look ok.
      
      STATION 701
      
      106            Sample log: "Leaking after air vent opened? (Also, there is
                     an unintelligible note on sample log re this bottle) Same
                     note in Russian?"  Delta-S .000 at 2171db. Other water
                     samples also ok.
      
      STATION 702
      
      224            CTDO Processor: "Top 70db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      220            Delta-S .3 high at 212db. Other water samples also indicate
                     NB20 closed deeper.  Footnote bottle leaking, footnote
                     samples bad.  ODF recommends deletion of all water samples.
                     Cast aborted.
      
      STATION 703
      
      Cast 1         Tripping problem. 25 confirms.  B file indicates 2 trips at
                     204db.  Ramp shaft 1 position too far.
      
      123-124        CTDO Processor: "Top 120db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      120            lower lanyard permitted lid closure too early Footnote
                     bottle leaking, footnote samples bad.  ODF recommends
                     deletion of all water samples.
      
      117            Sample log: "spigot too small for helium tube"
      
      101            Sample log: "1 bot leak" Delta-S .000 at 2635db. Other water
                     samples also ok.  Note: NBs 1&7 reversed for freon check.
      

                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      STATION 704
      
      123-124        CTDO Processor: "Top 100db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      120            lower lanyard permitted lid closure too early Footnote
                     bottle leaking, footnote samples bad.  ODF recommends
                     deletion of all water samples.
      
      102            JHS: "OA suggests S high by 0.002."  Delta-S .002 high at
                     4184db. Calc ok.  Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      101            Delta-S .004 low @ 2618db. Calc OK.  Other water samples OK.
                     Same value as NB8 above. Possible dupe draw or run.  Note:
                     NBs1&7 reversed for freon check.
      
      STATION 705
      
      Cast 1         Rosette hit A-frame on recovery.  Tripping problem. First
                     bottle had no confirms on trip box, 5 confirms on ISI. Again
                     looks like 2 bottles closed at bottom and no 10db sample.
      
      124            CTDO Processor: "Top 100db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      120            Lower lanyard permitted lid closure too early Footnote
                     bottle leaking, footnote samples bad.  ODF recommends
                     deletion of all water samples.
      
      118            Delta-S .09 high at 505db. Other water samples indicate NB18
                     closed early. Possibly long lanyard allowed bottom end cap
                     to close.  Footnote bottle leaking, footnote samples bad.
                     ODF recommends deletion of all water samples.
      
      112            Sample log:"damaged on recovery" Broken spigot. Nuts & salt
                     drawn but no oxygen. Nuts & salt look ok.
      
      111            Sample log:"damage on recovery" Barrel broken about half way
                     up. Nuts & salt drawn but no oxygen.  Nuts & salinity data
                     look ok.
      
      110            Bottle did not trip as scheduled. SIL, NO3, NO2, PO4 not
                     drawn
      
      109            Sample log:"damaged on recovery."  Spigot collar broken. No
                     samples drawn.
      
      108            Sample log:"Damaged on recovery. Missed O2."
      
      STATION 706
      
      125            Sample log: "Leaking from bottom end cap."  Delta-S .002 low
                     at 2292db. Other water samples also look ok.
      
      108            Delta-S .002 low at 2597db. But only samples with definite
                     gradients, O2 & SIL, indicate NB8 closed at NB7 level.
                     Changed tripping information file to 2894db.  Samples appear
                     to be okay and agree with duplicate trip.  Footnote bottle
                     didn't trip as scheduled.
      
      STATION 707
      
      125            Delta-S .000 at 2161db but other water samples indicate NB25
                     closed near 1200db. Salinity same at 1200db & 2161db.
                     Footnote bottle leaking, footnote samples bad.  ODF
                     recommends deletion of all water samples.
      
      113            Delta-S .028 low at 1010db. Calc ok.  Same value as NB14
                     above. Possible dupe draw or run.
      
      102            JHS: "OA suggests S high by 0.002."  Delta-S .002 high at
                     4636db. Calc ok.  Footnote salinity questionable.
      
      STATION 708
      
      Cast 1         Tripping problem? 2 ISI confirms on first bottle. Trip box &
                     ramp shaft ok.  Data indicates all bottles tripped as
                     intended.  JHS: "OA suggests NO3 may be "high" while PO4 is
                     "low".  However, may be O.K. (See Sta.  709.)."  Nutrient
                     Analyst: "Change PO4 F1E=4.455, B(E)=.068."  NO3 column
                     apparently failing; data may be slightly unreliable see
                     Station 709.  Footnote no3 questionable.  DQE has recoded
                     NO3 as acceptable, with the exception of bottles 25 and 15.
                     Nutrient analyst reply to DQE comment: "NO3 looks okay,
                     agree with DQE, code NO3 acceptable, except 15 code
                     questionable."
      
      125            Delta-S .01 low at 1999db. Other water samples also indicate
                     NB25 leaked.  Footnote bottle leaking, footnote water
                     samples bad.  ODF recommends deletion of all water samples.
      
      124            CTDO Processor: "Top 12db CTD oxygen questionable."
      
      122            Unintelligible note on sample log.  Data ok.
      
      120            Unintelligible note on sample log.  Data ok.
      
      115            DQE: "High NO3. Q1 noted whole station as having high NO3.
                     Flag assigned: 3."
      
      104            No hydro oxygen. "Parity error" on computer before data
                     saved.  Footnote oxygen lost.
      
      103            Delta-S .004 high at 4292db. Calc ok.  No corresponding bump
                     on CTD S trace.  JHS: "OA shows S 0.003 high."  Footnote
                     salinity questionable.
      
                                                               S04P ð ODF BTL Data Report ð 1992 ð R/V Akademik Ioffe

      STATION 709
      
      Cast 1         Lost CTD signal at 4339db coming up. Two bottles had been
                     tripped with normal confirmations.  Tripped remaining
                     bottles on wire out. Problem was in CTD/transmissometer
                     bulkhead connector.  Entered estimated pressures for missing
                     trips based on comparing wire out readings on previous
                     station.  Entered estimated temp for missing trips based on
                     T-S curve and hydro salinity plus estimated pressure and
                     Delta-S from down cast real-time printout.  Footnote CTD
                     pressure and temperature as extrapolated from CTD data down
                     cast.  Nutrient data sheet: "large NO3 drift - column?"
                     Nitrates appear higher than adjacent stations. High end
                     base. Replaced Cad column prior station 710 and NO3s back to
                     normal.  Nutrient Analyst: " NO3 920306."Base Shift" JHS:
                     "OA sees high NO3 at 708 and 709."  Footnote no3
                     questionable.  Nutrient analyst: "After comments by DQE,
                     reinvestigation indicates NO3 is questionable for 8, 25, 10,
                     26 and 12-19."
      
      126            See Cast 1 Nutrient comment. Footnote NO3 questionable.
      
      125            See Cast 1 Nutrient comment. Footnote NO3 questionable.
                     DQE: "High NO3 with no increase in PO4. Flags assigned: 3."
      
      123-124        CTDO Processor: "Top 80db CTD oxygen questionable."  CTDO
                     Processor refers to down trace.  Signal lost on CTD, no CTD
                     salinity or oxygen.
      
      112-119        See Cast 1 Nutrient comment. Footnote NO3 questionable.
      
      112-117        DQE: "High NO3 with no increase in PO4. Flags assigned: 3."
      
      110            See Cast 1 Nutrient comment. Footnote NO3 questionable.
                     DQE: "High NO3 with no increase in PO4. Flags assigned: 3."
      
      108            See Cast 1 Nutrient comment. Footnote NO3 questionable.
      
      106-108