(NB) All figures are available in the PDF version. Last Updated 2001.07.13 A.1 WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION WOCE section designation I03 Expedition designation (EXPOCODE) 316N145_8 Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation: Worth D. Nowlin, Jr./TAMU Dates: 1995.04.23 - 1995.06.05 Ship: R/V KNORR Ports of call: Fremantle, Australia; Port Louis, Mauritius Number of stations: 120 19° 58.77' S Geographic boundaries of the stations: 48° 55' E 113° 45.59' E 28° 13.96' S Floats and drifters deployed: 28 ALACEs Moorings deployed or recovered: 20 Contributing Authors: Barrie Walden Mike Kosro WHP CRUISE AND DATA OUTLINE Cruise Summary Information Hydrographic Measurements Description of scientific program CTD - general CTD - pressure Geographic boundaries of the survey CTD - temperature Cruise track (figure) CTD - conductivity/salinity Description of stations CTD - dissolved oxygen Description of parameters sampled Bottle depth distributions (figure) Salinity Floats and drifters deployed Oxygen Moorings deployed or recovered Nutrients Principal Investigators CFCs Helium for all measurements Tritium Cruise Participants Radiocarbon Problems and goals not achieved CO2 system parameters Other incidents of note Other parameters Underway Data Information Acknowledgments Navigation References Bathymetry Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) DQE Reports Thermosalinograph and related measurements XBT and/or XCTD CTD Meteorological observations S/O2/nutrients Atmospheric chemistry data CFCs 14C Data Status Notes A.2 Cruise Summary Information A.2.a Geographic boundaries A.2.b Stations Occupied SUMMARY INFORMATION 120 full CTD/rosette stations were made (numbers 443-462), including one test station (443). Eleven CTD stations were made (563-573) with lowered ADCP and transmissometer measurements and samples analyzed for dissolved oxygen and salt only. Depths sampled are described in a later section. Parameters measured or for which samples were taken are given in the station summary (-.SUM) file. A.2.c Floats and Drifters Deployed Table 1 gives the positions and dates of deployments of the 28 ALACEs, with instrument serial numbers and numbers of CTD stations where deployed. S/N Deployment Date Latitude (S) Longitude (E) CTD Station -------------------------------------------------------------- 485 27 04 1995 22 00.00 112 22.88 450 486 28 04 1995 21 09.09 110 09.25 454 482 29 04 1995 20 00.19 106 37.00 459 481 01 05 1995 20 00.02 103 06.79 463 480 02 05 1995 20 00.08 100 27.86 466 479 03 05 1995 20 00.07 96 57.05 470 483 04 05 1995 20 00.22 94 18.11 473 484 05 05 1995 20 00.49 91 19.52 478 494 08 05 1995 20 00.03 88 30.80 484 493 08 05 1995 20 00.14 86 53.91 488 492 09 05 1995 19 59.91 85 17.93 491 491 10 05 1995 19 59.93 82 44.02 495 497 11 05 1995 20 00.06 79 48.75 499 496 13 05 1995 20 00.03 76 54.49 503 458 17 05 1995 20 00.19 74 10.26 507 489 18 05 1995 20 00.14 71 15.07 513 490 19 05 1995 19 59.99 68 13.11 519 385 20 05 1995 20 00.09 65 26.14 524 386 22 05 1995 20 22.13 62 14.69 530 487 23 05 1995 20 21.97 59 13.57 535 488 28 05 1995 20 00.07 56 05.09 545 469 29 05 1995 20 00.09 53 19.62 550 468 30 05 1995 20 00.267 52 15.922 552 321 31 05 1995 20 00.01 51 17.90 554 476 31 05 1995 20 00.20 50 35.84 556 431 01 06 1995 20 00.16 50 04.03 557 478 01 06 1995 20 00.04 49 38.08 558 477 01 06 1995 20 00.12 49 23.33 559 A.2.d Moorings deployed or recovered Twenty moorings were deployed in three arrays with a total of 60 current meters. Mooring positions are included in the station summary file. A.3 List of Principal Investigators ODF Operations 1) Water sampling package (Rosette and CTD) 2) CTD data acquisition system 3) CTD data Processing 4) Bathymetry acquisition and merging 5) Bottle sampling 6) Salinity analysis 7) Oxygen analysis 8) Nutrient analysis Analysis Institution Principal Investigator ---------------------------------------------------------------- CFC SIO Ray Weiss Shallow He/Tr WHOI Bill Jenkins Deep He/Tr LDEO Peter Schlosser AMS 14C and Ra-228 Princeton Robert Key TCO2 & Alkalinity Miami Frank Millero TCO2 SIO Charles Keeling Barium OSU Kelly Falkner Current Meters and Moorings TAMU Worth Nowlin Moorings TAMU Tom Whitworth WHOI Bruce Warren OSU Dale Pillsbury Transmissometer TAMU Wilf Gardner Underway measurements ADCP and LADCP OSU Mike Kosro PCO2 Princeton Robert Key Air chemistry SIO Ray Weiss Meteorology (IMET) WHOI Thermosalinograph WHOI ALACE floats SIO Russ Davis A.4 Scientific Programme and Methods A.4 Scientific Programme and Methods WOCE Hydrographic Program section I03 and the deployment phase of WOCE current meter project ICM3 were carried out aboard the R/V KNORR (call sign KCEJ) on voyage 145_8. This voyage began in Fremantle, Australia on 23 April 1995 and ended in port Louis, Mauritius on 5 June 1995 with one intermediate call in Port Louis from 25 to 28 May. Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. was chief scientist for the voyage. NARRATIVE The scientific activities on this voyage were carried out along or near 20 S from Australia to Mauritius to Madagascar. The CTD/rosette stations occupied included the WOCE suite of measurements, as described later, as well as lowered transmissometer and ADCP measurements and sampling for the U.S. Department of Energy's Carbon Dioxide program and for barium samples. Leaving Fremantle, a test CTD/rosette station was made off the west coast of Australia near 28 S. The cruise then proceeded to the 200-m isobath near 22 S where CTD/rosette stations were made along a line to the west-northwest to 20 S and approximately 108 E. The first seven of those stations bracketed the six Australian moorings of WOCE ICM6 which were in place at the time. The cruise then proceeded westward along 20 S crossing the West Australian Basin, Ninetyeast Ridge, Central Indian Basin, and Central Indian Ridge. West of the latter, the track veered southward to 22 S around Rodriguez Island to maintain a deep water cruise path to the east coast of Mauritius. Along the eastern flank of the Ninetyeast Ridge, seven moorings of ICM3 were deployed. The deployments were interspersed with CTD/rosette stations. On the eastern flank of the Central Indian Ridge another seven moorings were deployed. These moorings were deployed first, and then CTD/rosette stations were made between them from east to west. Leaving Port Louis, Mauritius, where a 2-day port call was made, CTD/rosette stations continued westward along 20 S from the continental shelf of Mauritius to that of Madagascar. Six moorings of ICM3 were deployed at the western boundary of the Mascarene Basin, between CTD/rosette stations. On reaching the eastern shelf of Madagascar, eleven CTD stations with lowered ADCP were made at the locations of earlier CTD/rosette stations bracketing the current meter deployments. Twenty-eight Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorers (ALACEs) were deployed along the cruise track with special attention to the western boundary region east of Madagascar. An underway program of meteorological, sea surface, and ADCP measurements was carried out along the track described as well as on the eastward return to Port Louis at the end of the voyage. Continuous southeasterly winds of about 10-20 knots along with 4-6 ft southeasterly swells were the usual conditions for the entire leg. The first and last portions of the cruise were calmer than the rest. Seas turned choppy and stronger winds up to 30 knots in mid-May. This condition moderated somewhat toward the end of the month. Skies were usually partly sunny and fair marked with occasional overcast conditions and an occasional rain squall. A.5 Major Problems and Goals not Achieved A.6 Other Incidents of Note Approximately 12 hours after leaving Fremantle at the beginning of voyage 145_8, Rhonda Kelly suffered a burn to her eye caused by a basic solution used in dissolved oxygen analysis. She was treated by the ship's medic and returned to Fremantle for continuing medical attention. Kelly rejoined the voyage in Port Louis. Early in the voyage one conductor grounded in a new CTD cable installed in Fremantle. The ground was approximately 3000 meters from drum. The cable proved serviceable using the remaining pair of conductors. The second cable on the vessel was old with one broken outer strand about 3945 m from the bitter end. All conductors in that cable were serviceable, and it was used for the remainder of the cruise. This was because we experienced mild weather and wished to save the newer cable for future, perhaps worse, weather conditions. A.7 List of Cruise participants Scientific Personnel Name Title Affiliation Duties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. Distinguished Professor TAMU Chief Scientist/ CTD Console Bruce A. Warren Senior Scientist WHOI Co-Chief/ Btl data/Rosette Ann E. Jochens Assoc. Research Scientist TAMU CTD Console/PDR Steven B. Rutz Research Associate TAMU Rosette Carl W. Mattson Pr. Electronic Tech STS/ODF TIC/Watch Leader/ ET/Rosette John Boaz Marine Tech STS/ODF Watch Leader/ O2/Rosette/Btl data Doug M. Masten SRA STS/ODF Nutrients Barry Nisly Dev. Engineer STS/ODF Nutrients/O2 Craig M. Hallman SRA STS/ODF O2/Salt/Rosette Mary C. Johnson SRA STS/ODF CTD data processing Jeff Skinner Dev. Engineer STS/SCG Salt/Rosette Frederick A. Van Woy SRA IV SIO/GRD CFC Dongha Min Research Assistant SIO/GRD CFC Kirk Hargreaves Oceanographer PMEL CFC P. Michael Kosro Assoc. Professor OSU ADCP Robert M. Key Research Oceanographer PU/OTL C14/Ra-228/pCO2/Salts Peter B. Landry EA III WHOI He/Tr Daniel Smith Research Staff Assistant LDEO He/Tr David G. Purkerson Research Assistant U Miami CO2 Christopher Edwards Lab Tech U Miami CO2 Joann Krenisky Research Assistant U Miami CO2 Jennifer Aicher Graduate Student U Miami CO2 Dennis C. Root Senior Research Assistant OSU Moorings/LADCP John Simpkins III Senior Research Assistant OSU Moorings/Rosette Richard Hevner Research Assistant OSU Moorings/Rosette/Salts Matthew P. Pillsbury Instrument Tech OwU Moorings Michael A. Thatcher SSSG Tech WHOI Res Tech The following personnel joined the ship in Mauritius 25-27 May -------------------------------------------------------------- Rhonda M. Kelly SRA II STS/ODF Nutrients Noasy T. Razakafoniaina Oceanographer Madagascar Observer Jean Maharavo Oceanographer Madagascar Observer B. UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS B.1. Navigation and Bathymetry (Barrie Walden 2001.04.06) KNORR used P-Code GPS for navigation on this cruise and we recorded Position information once per minute onto the Sun Sparcstation. Navigational data from three GPS receivers was recorded at one-minute time intervals. Two of the receivers were Magnavox MX200s and the third was a Trimble TANS P(Y) running in standard (non P-code) mode. The antennas for all of these receivers were mounted on the ship's mast at approximately mid-ships (frame 63). All position data includes the time and position extracted directly from the NMEA 183 CGS data stream. Additionally, the data provided by the Trimble receiver includes a final "source" indicator as follows: "1"=standard; "2"=diferential, "3"=P-Code. Depth measurements were made using a hull-mounted 12 kHz echo sounder and a Raytheon recorder. Uncorrected depth (using a sounding speed of 1500 m/sec) was estimated to the nearest meter from the recorder every 5 minutes and manually entered into a data file that was subsequently merged with the 1-minute navigation data. This series of measurements began when the vessel left Fremantle and continued until the completion of the CTD stations, with a break for the intermediate port stop in Mauritius. While on CTD stations, depth measurements were not recorded except as required for the CTD log. B.2. Meteorological Observations The following IMET sensors were installed and in use during I03. Type Serial Number Label ---------------------------------------------- Air Temperature 119 TMP Barometric Pressure 118 PR Precipitation 113 PRC Relative Humidity unknown HRH Sea Surface Temperature 108 SST Short Wave Radiation 003 SWR Wind Speed and Direction 004 WND The data were logged to ASCII text files, one containing ship navigational information and the other containing meteorological information. There were a few large gaps in the data during the cruise. Any gap longer than 15 minutes while underway or longer than one hour while on station are listed below, with a short explanation of each. If only a subset of the data items are missing for the period indicated, the missing items will be listed along with the notes. In the table below OS stands for on station and UW stands for under way. Date Start Stop Length UW/OS Notes (Including data affected) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 04/26 00:23 00:48 25 min. UW Return to old software (V 4.2B) [all data] 05/11 17:37 17:58 21 min. UW Data logging computer down [all data] 05/13 20:45 21:36 51 min. UW Data logging computer down [all data] NOTE: No data logged during port stop Mauritius: 05/25, 13:40 GMT to 05/28, 02:42 GMT In addition, data for 23 April (02:16 - 23:59 GMT) were lost in an attempted software upgrade to Athena V 4.2C. The majority of the missing data were recovered through data logged by the C14 group. The file format is different from that on other days of the cruise and has been given the extension .nav versus .met or .shp. It contains the following information: GPS_TP GPS time and position GYRO Ship's heading (Gyro syncro) IMET_AIR Air temperature (degrees C) IMET_BPR Barometric pressure (millibars) IMET_SEA Sea surface temp (degrees C) IMET_WNC True wind direction (THIS IS NOT RELIABLE!) IMET_WND Wind direction (ship relative) IMET_WNS Wind speed (m/s ship relative) SPDLOG Ship's speed (EDO Speedlog) SSCND Sea surface conductivity (mmho/cm) SSTMP Sea surface temperature (degrees C) B.3. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (Mike Kosro) DATA_DATES 1995/04/23 01:00:00 - to - 1995/06/05 04:25:00 LON_RANGE 48.90 E - to - 115.50 E LAT_RANGE 31.88 S - to - 19.62 S DEPTH_RANGE 17 - to - 489 m SAC_CRUISE_ID 00373 PLATFORM_NAME R/V Knorr PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR_NAME Mike Kosro PI_INSTITUTION Oregon State University PI_COUNTRY USA PROJECT WOCE (One-time Line) CRUISE_NAME ship_tag=KN9504 woce_tag=I03,ICM03 EXPOCODE=316N145_8 PORTS Fremantle, Australia to Port Louis, Mauritius GEOGRAPHIC_REGION South Indian Ocean PROCESSED_BY Oregon State University NAVIGATION GPS QUALITY_NAV good GENERAL_INFORMATION CRUISE NOTES CHIEF SCIENTIST ON SHIP Worth Nowlin; Bruce Warren* INSTITUTE Texas A&M University; *WHOI COUNTRY USA SIGNIFICANT DATA GAPS none SPECIAL SHIP TRACK PATTERNS ADCP INSTRUMENTATION MANUFACTURER RDI VM150 narrowband HARDWARE MODEL SERIAL NUMBERS transducer s/n 171 FIRMWARE VERSION version 17.10 ADCP INSTALLATION There is a hole in the hull plating slightly larger than the transducer clover leaf. Unfortunately, the hull is not flat and horizontal at the transducer's off-centerline location so the plate is at an angle to the plane of the transducer array. The transducers closest to the centerline are slightly recessed and the outboard pair are approximately flush. The transducer assembly is held in place by bolting its upper flange to the underside of a mounting "top-hat" adapter assembly. Therefore the entire assembly is in water and inspection of the electronics requires pulling the unit. LOCATION/DEPTH ON HULL: Transducer is located at frame 39, approximately 6 feet off centerline to the port side, at a depth of 14 feet. REPEATABLE ATTACHMENT: < YES > Mounting arrangement has alignment pins intended to allow repeatable installations but this seems to be a continuing problem. DATE OF MOST RECENT ATTACH.: COMMENT: The adcp was removed from the hull earlier in the year in order to try to fix the loss of signal return in the kn9501 cruise. Inadvertently, the adcp was reinstalled with the nominal forward beam facing due aft, rather than 45 to port as it was when it was removed. Due to the lack of background of the tech on the cruise, this was not discovered until about 10 days into the cruise. At that time, the DAS software was adjusted accordingly. ADCP INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATION DEPTH RANGE 17m to 489m (bin centers) BIN LENGTH 8m NUMBER OF BINS 60 TRANSMIT PULSE LENGTH 8m BLANKING INTERVAL 4m ENSEMBLE AVERAGING INTERVAL 150 seconds SOUND SPEED CALCULATION FUNCTION OF TEMP AT TRANSDUCER BOTTOM TRACKING limited periods DIRECT COMMANDS "FH00001" "E0004020099" "B0090001" "CF64" COMMENTS ADCP thermistor was bad, so recorded using constant sound speed of 1500 m/s. Used underway thermosalinograph to provide a time- varying sound speed in post-processing. ADCP DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM DATA LOGGER RDI DAS 2.48, HPIB interface USER BUFFER VERSION 1920 (UE3) CLOCK PC clock reset if drift greater than 2 sec from GPS clock by UE3 SHIP HEADING INSTRUMENT MAKE/MODEL Sperry MK37 SYNCHRO OR STEPPER synchro SYNCHRO RATIO 1:1 COMPENSATION APPLIED No GPS ATTITUDE SYSTEM Yes, Ashtech 3DF, firmware 6H-1.1 LOCATION OF ANTENNAS: Antennas are aircraft type with 10" dia ground planes, mounted in a rectangular array above the aft deck observational tower. All antennas are at the same height; approximately 5 feet above the tower top, 52 feet above the baseline. One fore/aft pair is spaced at 3 meters, the other pair at 2 meters. There is 2 meter spacing between the pairs (p/s separation). The array center is approximately 2 feet port of ship centerline, at frame 106. ANCILLARY MEASUREMENTS SURFACE TEMP AND SALINITY transducer temperature and ship's T&S PITCH/ROLL MEASUREMENTS not used; statistics from Ashtech attitude data in user buffer HYDRO CAST MEASUREMENTS Yes BIOMASS DETERMINATION No DATE OF LAST CALIBRATION unknown COMMENT Flagg's agcave used ADCP DATA PROCESSING/EDITING PERSONNEL IN CHARGE Mike Kosro SOUND SPEED CORRECTIONS Applied in post-processing from underway T and S DATE OF PROCESSING Most recently modified Dec 22 1999 ADDED TO NODC DB DEC 1999 NOTABLE SCATTERING LAYERS: COMMENTS: NAVIGATION GPS MAKE/MODEL SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY Yes P-CODE No DIFFERENTIAL No SAMPLE INTERVAL 1 Hz LOCATION OF ANTENNA TIME OBTAINED RELATIVE TO START/END OF ENSEMBLE start and end of ensemble AVERAGING/EDITING APPLIED ensemble position is average of start and end fix for the ensemble LOGGED WITH ADCP DATA Yes using UE3 (including Ashtech GPS attitude) LOGGED INDEPENDENTLY No COMMENTS Knorr's P-code receiver was not available for this cruise (expired key) OTHER bottom tracking available for limited periods CALIBRATION GYROCOMPASS CORRECTION Yes using Ashtech heading information, profile by profile rotation. BOTTOM TRACK METHOD N No O WATER TRACK METHOD Yes REFERENCE LEVELS USED 3 to 10 TIME SLIP APPLIED No TOTAL No. CALIBRATION PTS 257 TOTAL No. AFTER EDITING 173 TIME VARIANT Yes, based on Ashtech COMMENT Corrected for time-dependent error, then computed mean offset below. In addition, there was a -179.9 rotation applied when the data were originally taken, to correct for the rotated transducer. FINAL SELECTION AMPLITUDE = 1.007 PHASE = -0.1 COMMENTS Data were processed in 2 parts: before and after port stop starting on 5/28/99 amp/phase were 1.006, -0.3 degrees NAVIGATION CALCULATION NAVIGATION USED GPS REFERENCE LAYER DEPTH RANGE bins 3 to 10 FILTERING METHOD FOR SMOOTHING REFERENCE LAYER VELOCITY (FORM/WIDTH) Blackman w(t)=0.42-0.5*cos(2pi*t/T)+.08*cos(4pi*t/T), 1-hr halfwidth FINALIZED SHIP VEL/POSITIONS STORED IN DATABASE Yes GENERAL_ASSESSMENT VECTOR, CONTOUR, STICK PLOTS:ok REFERENCES (DATA REPORTS,ETC.): LOWERED ADCP Profile measurements of quasi-instantaneous horizontal current components were made to full ocean depth during I03 using a lowered ADCP (LADCP), which was mounted to the rosette system with the CTD. The primary unit was a broadband, self-contained 150 kHz system manufactured by RD Instruments, model BBCS 150, serial no. 1246, firmware version 4.18, with 15 depth cells, depth cell size of 16m and blank-after-transmit interval of 16m. We used single ping ensembles with this instrument. For the first 16 stations (stations 443-458), an older narrowband, self-contained 307 kHz system was used instead (serial no. 447, firmware version 17.10); this instrument was operated with 16m bins, 16m pulse, 8m blanking and 18 pings per ensemble. With either instrument, vertical shear of horizontal velocity was obtained from each ensemble. These shear estimates were vertically binned and averaged for each cast. By combining the measured velocity of the ocean with respect to the instrument, the measured vertical shear, and accurate shipboard navigation at the start and end of the station, absolute velocity profiles are obtained (Fischer and Visbeck, 1993). Depth can be obtained by integrating the vertical velocity component; a better estimate of the depth coordinate was made by incorporating the preliminary CTD profile data into the LADCP, and data will be reprocessed after final processing of the CTD profile data. The shipboard processing results in vertical profiles of u and v velocity components, from a depth of 60 meters to near the ocean bottom in 20-meter intervals. These data have been computer contoured to produce preliminary plots for analysis and diagnosis. CTD casts were made at stations 443-573 on the I03 cruise. LADCP casts were made at all stations. One cast, 444, was too shallow (less than 150 m) to obtain useful results. On one other cast, 550, the BroadBand LADCP turned off prematurely during the downcast. This behavior had been observed infrequently during previous legs and had been reported to the manufacturer; a firmware bug is suspected. The deep casts often have noise problems below 3000 meters or so due to poor instrument range. Interference from the return of the previous ping is often observed 750 m from the bottom. Example velocity profiles, obtained on stations 566 and 567, are shown in Figures 2 and 3 respectively; U and V are the eastward and northward component of the current profile. The dashed line corresponds to the profile estimated from the downward cast, the dotted line corresponds to the upward cast, and the solid line represents the average over all valid returns, whether up or down. On station 566 (Figure 2), the up-, down- and average- profile agree very well with each other, giving confidence in the result. For station 567, however, the up and down profiles are offset from one another by as much as 10-15 cm/s at some depths (Figure 3). Further processing is expected to help eliminate some of the up/down differences, some of which must arise by integrating across large, invalid shears; this interpretation is strengthened by the agreement of many of the small-scale features between the up and down profile, even when the integrating profiles are separated. Figure 3 should serve as a caution against over-interpreting the preliminary results which are included in this report. Contour plots made from the preliminary average velocity profiles for all stations on I03 are provided as Figure 4; separate plots are provided for each basin. B.4 Analyses for CFC-113 and Carbon Tetrachloride SAMPLE COLLECTION All water samples were collected from 10 liter Niskin bottles using 100 ml glass syringes. Close ended Luerlock fittings were used to seal filled syringes. Rubber bands were applied to keep the seawater under positive pressure. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE Carbon-tetrachloride, methyl-chloroform, and chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC- 12, and CFC-113 were measured on a total of 31 stations. A complementary analysis of CFC-11 and CFC-12 was performed by SIO as well. The analytical system was designed by Lamont-Doherty Laboratories and uses a 10 cm, 1/16" "Carbograph" trap cooled to -60°C. Desorption was with boiling water at 100°C. Gases were forward flushed into a DB VRX capillary pre-column and column. A 10 cm 1/16" "Carbograph" precolumn which had been inline with the DB VRX pre- column was removed for improved peak sharpness and resolution. Unfortunately, this caused CFC-113 to interfere with methyl iodide and made the CFC-113 measurements more difficult. Most samples were run within 12 hours of sampling. However, a few were run as late as 48 hours after sampling. This delay does not seem to have had an adverse effect on the samples. Duplicate samples were run for most casts. Air samples were run weekly on average. This was limited by time available. CALIBRATION All gases were calibrated using a 6 to 10 point calibration curve from an artificial standard calibrated against Weiss SIO standards. A standard intercomparison was also performed at sea, but this shows differences for which there has been no accounting yet. Standard was stored in an "Acculife" cylinder. The gas concentrations in the artificial working standard were chosen to have ratios comparable to that in seawater. B.5 Helium and Tritium Sampling Helium and tritium samples are processed in the Helium Isotope Van on extraction and degassing systems designed by Dr. William Jenkins and Dempsey Lott of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. The systems each comprise basically of two rough pumps which evacuate the system to 1.0 x 10-3 torr, (one rough pump is used as a fore pump for the diffusion pump) one diffusion pump which reaches a high vacuum of 1.0 x 10-8 torr, a cryotrap chilled to - 132°C to trap water vapors before they reach the vacuum pumps, and a self contained cooling system that services both vacuum lines, keeping the diffusion pumps at 21.5°C for optimum diffusion pump efficiency. Helium samples are drawn from the Rosette in 90 cc cylinders. They are gently tapped to shake loose any air bubbles that may be on the inside cylinder walls that would affect the helium data. The cylinders are mounted on an extraction system but are isolated from the vacuum. After the system has been under vacuum for an hour at approximately 1.0 x 10-7 torr, the vacuum is isolated from it. The samples are then emptied into a holding can. The cans are heated to boil, forcing the gasses out of the sample. The gasses are collected in a glass bulb which sits in an ice bath to attract the gas vapors. After 10 minutes the bulbs are sealed with a torch. The samples are sent back to the lab at Woods Hole where the helium content can be measured on a mass spectrometer. Tritium samples are drawn from the Rosette in 500 cc cylinders. They do not get tapped since the gasses will be removed by the vacuum system. The sample cylinders are mounted on the degassing system. Below the cylinders is a sled with the glass bulbs that will be used for storing the sample. After the bulbs have been pumped on by the diffusion pump for a half an hour to 1.0 x 10-7 torr or less, the sample is placed in the bulb. They then go through a series of shaking and pumping for two and a half hours to remove all of the gasses. The samples will be directly pumped on by the vacuum and sealed at a pressure of approximately 1 x 10-6 torr. These samples will be stored for approximately 1 year before they can be measured. Tritium, the radioactive element attached to the water molecule breaks down into helium isotope. After 1 year there is enough of the helium isotope to measure on a mass spectrometer and then calculate the amount of tritium that was originally in the sample. Helium and matching tritium samples are taken from approximately 2000 m to the surface, 16 of each per sampled station. Deep helium samples 1000m to the bottom and 2000 m to the bottom on matching upper helium/tritium stations are analyzed in Dr. Peter Schlosser's lab at Lamont. B.6 Radiocarbon Sampling A total of 480 samples were collected at 20 stations for radiocarbon analysis using the AMS technique. Ten of the stations were full water column profiles of 32 samples each and the remaining profiles covered the thermocline and had 16 samples each. All of these samples will be returned to the NOSAMS facility at WHOI for analysis. Once analysis is complete the results will be quality controlled and interpreted at Princeton by Ocean Tracer Lab members and other interested scientists. Princeton is responsible for all of the Indian Ocean WOCE 14C sampling except for legs I8S and I9S. The station layout for the entire basin was designed to be merged with the deep water results from the GEOSECS program. Upper water column results will demonstrate the penetration of bomb radiocarbon since GEOSECS. Some penetration of bomb radiocarbon may be evident in deep and bottom waters of southern origin. B.7 Radium Sampling (Robert Key 2001.04.04) My group collected radium samples on several WOCE legs in the hope of being able to analyze them "in the background". We never received any funding for this work and the analytical capability no longer exists at Princeton. It is safe to assume that nothing will ever come from this effort. For those sample collection efforts currently recorded in WOCE bottle files, the simplest thing would be to drop the column altogether. Lacking that, all recordings on U.S. legs can be flagged 5. B.8 CO2 Sampling SAMPLE COLLECTION All water samples were collected from 10 liter Niskin bottles using 100 ml glass syringes. Close ended Luerlock fittings were used to seal filled syringes. Rubber bands were applied to keep the seawater under positive pressure. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE Carbon-tetrachloride, methyl-chloroform, and chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC- 12, and CFC-113 were measured on a total of 31 stations. A complementary analysis of CFC-11 and CFC-12 was performed by SIO as well. The analytical system was designed by Lamont-Doherty Laboratories and uses a 10 cm, 1/16" "Carbograph" trap cooled to -60°C. Desorption was with boiling water at 100°C. Gases were forward flushed into a DB VRX capillary pre-column and column. A 10 cm 1/16" "Carbograph" precolumn which had been inline with the DB VRX pre- column was removed for improved peak sharpness and resolution. Unfortunately, this caused CFC-113 to interfere with methyl iodide and made the CFC-113 measurements more difficult. Most samples were run within 12 hours of sampling. However, a few were run as late as 48 hours after sampling. This delay does not seem to have had an adverse effect on the samples. Duplicate samples were run for most casts. Air samples were run weekly on average. This was limited by time available. CALIBRATION All gases were calibrated using a 6 to 10 point calibration curve from an artificial standard calibrated against Weiss SIO standards. A standard intercomparison was also performed at sea, but this shows differences for which there has been no accounting yet. Standard was stored in an "Acculife" cylinder. The gas concentrations in the artificial working standard were chosen to have ratios comparable to that in seawater. B.9 Barium Sampling (Kelly Falkner 2001.03.23) All water samples were collected from 10-liter Niskin bottles into 20-ml polyethylene vials which had been pre-cleaned by acid leaching in 0.2N HCl overnight at 60°C followed by rinsing in distilled de-ionized water. The vials were rinsed with sample and then filled directly from the Niskin spigot with no draw tube. The quality of the Ba data from most WOCE legs in the Indian Ocean turned out to be quite poor; far worse than attainable analytical precision (+/-20% as opposed to 2%). We recorded many vials which came back with loose caps and evaporation associated with that seems to be the primary problem. The only hope I have of producing a decent data set is to run both Ba and a conservative element simultaneously and then relating that to the original salinity of the sample. We will be taking delivery on a high resolution ICPMS here at OSU sometime this winter which would make the project analytically feasible and economical. I do not presently have the funds in hand to do this and so have archived the samples for the time being. I don't think the WHPO would derive any benefit from the present data set. B.10 Current Meter Array ICM3 Deployment Twenty intermediate, subsurface current meter moorings were deployed during the ICM3 cruise. Recovery of these moorings is expected in about 2 years. Each mooring contains 2, 3, or 4 recording current meters attached to 3/8" dacron rope. Buoyance is provided by clusters 17" Benthos glass spheres at each instrument location. The mooring is attached to the anchor using an EG&G DACS 723A transponding acoustic release. After deployment an acoustics/GPS survey was undertaken to refine the estimate of each mooring's geographic location and bottom depth. The current meters used are Aanderaa RCM-8, vector averaging, solid state recording instruments. Speed and direction are sampled every 36 seconds to produce a 30 minute vector average. Temperature is sampled at the end of the 30 minute interval. The top instrument on each mooring records pressure in addition to temperature. The instruments have enough power and data capacity for a 3-year deployment. Acknowledgments We acknowledge the outstanding performance of the officers and crew of the R/V KNORR. Special thanks are due to the bosun and other members of the deck force for long hours assisting with shifting cargo and current meter deployments. REFERENCES Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland. 1967. The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyser and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res., 1144: 381-389. Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms. 1967. The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. Technicon Symposia, Volume I: 385-389. Culberson, C. H., R. T. Williams et al. 1991. A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-2. Fischer, J. and M. Visbeck. 1993. Deep velocity profiling with self-contained ADCPs. J. Atmos. and Ocean. Tech., 10: 764. Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross, and J. M. Krest. 1992. A suggested protocol for continouous flow automated analysis of seawater nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. OSU College of Oceanography, Descr. Chem. Oc. Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1. I03 Initial Cruise Rept. WDNJ August 29, 1995 22 I03 Initial Cruise Rept. WDNJ August 29, 1995 1 World Ocean Circulation Experiment Indian Ocean I3 R/V Knorr Voyage 145 Leg 8 23 April 1995 - 5 June 1995 Fremantle, Australia - Port Louis, Mauritius Expocode: 316N145/8 Chief Scientist: Dr. Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. Texas A&M University I3 Cruise Track Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF) Final Cruise Report 4 September 1998 Data Submitted by: Oceanographic Data Facility Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, CA 92093-0214 DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS 1. Basic Hydrography Program The basic hydrography program consisted of salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) measurements made from bottles taken on CTD/rosette casts, plus pressure, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen from CTD profiles. 131 CTD/rosette casts were made, usually to within 5-10 meters of the bottom. Two additional casts are not reported: station 498 cast 1 was aborted for signal problems before the cast entered the water, and station 505 cast 1 was a test cast for wire/voltage problems. Station 443 was completed approximately two days after leaving port, near latitude 28S. Stations 444-539 were completed along a line roughly following latitude 20S from NW Australia to the east coast of Mauritius. Stations 540-562 were done along 20S from the west coast of Mauritius to the east coast of Madagascar, with a 2-day port stop in Port Louis between stations 544-545. Stations 563-573 re-occupied stations 551-561 in reverse order. Salts and oxygen were the only bottle samples taken on this repeated section. Three sections of current meter moorings (ICM3) were deployed along the I3 line: ICM3 moorings 20-14 were deployed at positions between I3 stations 475-485, moorings 13-7 between stations 506-517, and moorings 6-1 between stations 551-559. There was a 3.25-day delay between the end of station 505 and the start of station 506, where moorings 13-7 were placed before back-tracking to the station 506 position for the next CTD cast. 4006 bottles were tripped resulting in 3999 usable bottles. No insurmountable problems were encountered during any phase of the operation. The resulting data set met and in many cases exceeded WHP specifications. The distribution of samples is illustrated in Figures 1.0 through 1.1. Figure 1.0 I3 sample distribution, stas 444-497 Figure 1.1 I3 sample distribution, stas 498-562 2. Water Sampling Package Hydrographic (rosette) casts were performed with a rosette system consisting of a 36-bottle rosette frame (ODF), a 36-place pylon (General Oceanics 1016) and 36 10-liter PVC bottles (ODF). Underwater electronic components consisted of an ODF-modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF #1) and associated sensors, SeaTech transmissometer (TAMU), RDI LADCP (UofH), Benthos altimeter and Benthos pinger. The CTD was mounted horizontally along the bottom of the rosette frame, with the transmissometer, a SensorMedics dissolved oxygen sensor and an FSI secondary PRT sensor deployed next to the CTD. The LADCP was vertically mounted to the frame inside the bottle rings. The altimeter provided distance-above-bottom in the CTD data stream. The pinger was monitored during a cast with a precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's laboratory. The rosette system was suspended from a three-conductor 0.322" electro-mechanical cable. Power to the CTD and pylon was provided through the cable from the ship. Separate conductors were used for the CTD and pylon signals. The transmissometer, dissolved oxygen, secondary temperature and altimeter were interfaced with the CTD, and their data were incorporated into the CTD data stream. Deep Sea Reversing Thermometers (DSRTs) were used occasionally on this leg to monitor for CTD pressure or temperature drift. The deck watch prepared the rosette approximately 45 minutes prior to each cast. All valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation. The bottles were cocked and all hardware and connections rechecked. Upon arrival on station, time, position and bottom depth were logged by the console operator. The rosette was deployed from a position on the starboard side of the main deck. Each rosette cast was lowered to within 5-10 meters of the bottom, unless the bottom returns from both the pinger and altimeter were extremely poor or the bottom depth exceeded the range of the instrumentation. Bottles on the rosette were each identified with a unique serial number. Usually these numbers corresponded to the pylon tripping sequence, 1-36, where the first (deepest) bottle tripped was bottle #1. The only exception was on station 454, where bottle 37 was placed in trip sequence 23 while bottle 23 was being repaired. Averages of CTD data corresponding to the time of bottle closure were associated with the bottle data during a cast. Pressure, depth, temperature, salinity and density were immediately available to facilitate examination and quality control of the bottle data as the sampling and laboratory analyses progressed. Recovering the package at the end of deployment was essentially the reverse of the launching with the additional use of air-tuggers for added stabilization. The rosette was moved into the starboard-side (forward) hangar for sampling. The bottles and rosette were examined before samples were taken, and any extraordinary situations or circumstances were noted on the sample log for the cast. Routine CTD maintenance included soaking the conductivity and CTD O2 sensors in distilled water between casts to maintain sensor stability. The rosette was stored in the rosette room between casts to insure the CTD was not exposed to direct sunlight or wind in order to maintain the internal CTD temperature near ambient air temperature. Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. O-rings were changed as necessary and bottle maintenance was performed each day to insure proper closure and sealing. Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or replaced as needed. The transmissometer windows were cleaned prior to deployment approximately every 20 casts. The air readings were noted in the TAMU transmissometer log book after each cleaning. Transmissometer data were monitored for potential problems during every cast. The R/V Knorr's port-side CTD winch was used during stations 443 through 497 and stations 500 through 503. The starboard winch was used on stations 498 (cast 2), 499, and 504 through 573. New ctd wire was installed on the port winch at the start of the leg; however, at the start of station 498, a short developed in one of the conductors about 6000 meters from the termination end. The port wire was reterminated using only two conductors. The starboard winch and cable were used for stations 498 (cast 2) and 499. There were voltage dropouts and CTD signal noise during station 499; further investigation revealed an intermittent contact problem on the starboard winch slip rings and a broken armor strand on the wire 50m from the termination end. The slip rings were replaced, and the starboard wire was shortened by 100m and reterminated. Stations 500 through 503 used the port winch and wire while the starboard winch problems were being resolved. The starboard winch was then used for the remainder of the leg. The CTD wire on the starboard winch was an older wire that had been on the port winch on the previous legs. A broken armor strand at about 4000m on this wire was inspected on every up-cast deeper than 4000 meters, and re-taped as needed. 3. Underwater Electronics Packages CTD data were collected with a modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF #1). This instrument provided pressure, temperature, conductivity and dissolved O2 channels, and additionally measured a second temperature (FSI temperature module/OTM) as a calibration check. Other data channels included elapsed- time, altimeter, several power supply voltages and transmissometer. The instrument supplied a 15-byte NBIS-format data stream at a data rate of 25 Hz. Modifications to the instrument included revised pressure and dissolved O2 sensor mountings; ODF-designed sensor interfaces for O2, FSI PRT and transmissometer; implementation of 8-bit and 16-bit multiplexer channels; an elapsed-time channel; instrument ID in the polarity byte and power supply voltages channels. Table 3.0 summarizes the winches and serial numbers of instruments and sensors used during I3. +--------------+---------+----------------+--------------------+---------+ | | ODF | SensorMedics | SeaTech | | | Station(s) | CTD@ | Oxygen | Transmissometer | Winch | | | ID# | Sensor | (TAMU) | | +--------------+---------+----------------+--------------------+---------+ | 443-453 | | 3-03-10 | | | +--------------+ +----------------+ | | | 454-456 | | 4-05-16 | | Port | +--------------+ +----------------+ | | | 457-498/1 | | | | | +--------------+ 1 | | 151D +---------+ | 498/2-499 | | | | Stbd. | +--------------+ | 5-01-04 | +---------+ | 500-503 | | | | Port | +--------------+ | | +---------+ | 504-573 | | | | Stbd. | +--------------+---------+----------------+--------------------+---------+ |NOTE: large LADCP stas 443-458, small LADCP from sta 459 (S/Ns unknown) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ @ ODF CTD #1 sensor serial numbers: +----------+-----------------------+-------------------------+--------------+ | NBIS | Pressure | Temperature | Conductivity | | MKIIIB | Paine Model | PRT1 | PRT2 | | | CTD | 211-35-440-05 | Rosemount | FSI | NBIS Model | |(ODF-ID#) | strain gage/0-8850psi | Model 171BJ | OTM | 09035-00151 | +----------+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------+ | 1 | 131910 | 14304 | OTM/1322T | 5902-F117 | +----------+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------+ Table 3.0 I3 Instrument/Sensor Serial Numbers The CTD pressure sensor mounting had been modified to reduce the dynamic thermal effects on pressure. The sensor was attached to a section of coiled stainless-steel tubing that was connected to the end-cap pressure port. The transducer was also insulated. The NBIS temperature compensation circuit on the pressure interface was disabled; all thermal response characteristics were modeled and corrected in software. The O2 sensor was deployed in a pressure-compensated holder assembly mounted separately on the rosette frame and connected to the CTD by an underwater cable. The O2 sensor interface was designed and built by ODF using an off-the-shelf 12-bit A/D converter. The transmissometer interface was a similar design. Although the secondary temperature sensor was located within 6 inches of the CTD conductivity sensor, it was not sufficiently close to calculate coherent salinities. It was used as a secondary temperature calibration reference rather than as a redundant sensor, with the intent of eliminating the need for mercury or electronic DSRTs as calibration checks. The General Oceanics (GO) 1016 36-place pylon was used in conjunction with an ODF-built deck unit and external power supply instead of a GO pylon deck unit. This combination provided generally reliable operation and positive confirmation. The pylon emitted a confirmation message containing its current notion of bottle trip position, which could be useful in sorting out mis-trips. The acquisition software averaged CTD data corresponding to the rosette trip as soon as the trip was initiated until the trip confirmed, typically 3+/-0.5 seconds on I3. There were 2 random bad trip confirmations during I3, which both succeeded when a re-position/re-trip was attempted. There were voltage dropout problems, especially at bottle trips, during station 499 (see Section 2). The resulting signal noise caused more than 1500 false trip detects by the acquisition software. The initial trip detects at each bottle level were positive confirmations, so the excess trip levels were merely edited out during post-cast processing. Only the surface bottle at station 504 had the same voltage dropout problem, and the trip level was recovered from clean CTD data prior to the dropout. None of bottles 7-36 at station 537 confirmed positively; the pylon had to be re-set/re-positioned manually prior to each trip attempt. 3 of those bottles came up open, as detailed in Appendix D. 4. Navigation and Bathymetry Data Acquisition Navigation data were acquired from the ship's Magnavox MX GPS receiver via RS-232. Data were logged automatically at one-minute intervals by one of the Sun SPARCstations. Underway bathymetry was logged manually from the 12 kHz Raytheon PDR at five-minute intervals, then corrected according to Carter [Cart80] and merged with the navigation data to provide a time- series of underway position, course, speed and bathymetry data. These data were used for all station positions, PDR depths and bathymetry on vertical sections. 5. CTD Data Acquisition, Processing and Control System The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system consisted of a Sun SPARCstation LX computer workstation, ODF-built CTD and pylon deck units, CTD and pylon power supplies, and a VCR recorder for real-time analog backup recording of the sea-cable signal. The Sun system consisted of a color display with trackball and keyboard (the CTD console), 18 RS-232 ports, 2.5 GB disk and 8mm cartridge tape. Two other Sun SPARCstation LX systems were networked to the data acquisition system, as well as to the rest of the networked computers aboard the Knorr. These systems were available for real-time CTD data display and provided for hydrographic data management and backup. Two HP 1200C color inkjet printers provided hardcopy capability from any of the workstations. The CTD FSK signal was demodulated and converted to a 9600 baud RS-232C binary data stream by the CTD deck unit. This data stream was fed to the Sun SPARCstation. The pylon deck unit was connected to the Sun LX through a bi-directional 300 baud serial line, allowing bottle trips to be initiated and confirmed by the data acquisition software. A bitmapped color display provided interactive graphical display and control of the CTD rosette sampling system, including real-time raw and processed CTD data, navigation, winch and rosette trip displays. The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system was prepared by the console watch a few minutes before each deployment. A console operations log was maintained for each deployment, containing a record of every attempt to trip a bottle as well as any pertinent comments. Most CTD console control functions, including starting the data acquisition, were initiated by pointing and clicking a trackball cursor on the display at icons representing functions to perform. The system then presented the operator with short dialog prompts with automatically-generated choices that could either be accepted as defaults or overridden. The operator was instructed to turn on the CTD and pylon power supplies, then to examine a real-time CTD data display on the screen for stable voltages from the underwater unit. Once this was accomplished, the data acquisition and processing was begun and a time and position were automatically logged for the beginning of the cast. A backup analog recording of the CTD signal on a VCR tape was started at the same time as the data acquisition. A rosette trip display and pylon control window popped up, giving visual confirmation that the pylon was initializing properly. Various plots and displays were initiated. When all was ready, the console operator informed the deck watch by radio. Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette and informed the console operator that the rosette was at the surface (also confirmed by the computer displays), the console operator or watch leader provided the winch operator with a target depth (wire-out) and maximum lowering rate, normally 60 meters/minute for this package. The package then began its descent, building up to the maximum rate during the first few hundred meters, then optimally continuing at a steady rate without any stops during the down- cast. The console operator examined the processed CTD data during descent via interactive plot windows on the display, which could also be run at other workstations on the network. Additionally, the operator decided where to trip bottles on the up-cast, noting this on the console log. The PDR was monitored to insure the bottom depth was known at all times. The deck watch leader assisted the console operator by monitoring the rosette's distance to the bottom using the difference between the rosette's pinger signal and its bottom reflection displayed on the PDR. Around 200 meters above the bottom, depending on bottom conditions, the altimeter typically began signaling a bottom return on the console. The winch speed was usually slowed to ~30 meters/minute during the final approach. The winch and altimeter displays allowed the watch leader to refine the target depth relayed to the winch operator and safely approach to within 5-10 meters of the bottom. Bottles were closed on the up-cast by pointing the console trackball cursor at a graphic firing control and clicking a button. The data acquisition system responded with the CTD rosette trip data and a pylon confirmation message in a window. A bad or suspicious confirmation signal typically resulted in the console operator repositioning the pylon trip arm via software, then re-tripping the bottle, until a good confirmation was received. All tripping attempts were noted on the console log. The console operator then instructed the winch operator to bring the rosette up to the next bottle depth. The console operator was also responsible for generating the sample log for the cast. After the last bottle was tripped, the console operator directed the deck watch to bring the rosette on deck. Once the rosette was on deck, the console operator terminated the data acquisition and turned off the CTD, pylon and VCR recording. The VCR tape was filed. Usually the console operator also brought the sample log to the rosette room and served as the sample cop. 6. CTD Data Processing ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running under the Unix operating system. The initial CTD processing program (ctdba) is used either in real-time or with existing raw data sets to: o Convert raw CTD scans into scaled engineering units, and assign the data to logical channels; o Filter various channels according to specified filtering criteria; o Apply sensor- or instrument-specific response-correction models; o Provide periodic averages of the channels corresponding to the output time-series interval; and o Store the output time-series in a CTD-independent format. Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard-format time-series, they can be manipulated in various ways. Channels can be additionally filtered. The time-series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to form longer time-series. A time-series can be transformed into a pressure- series, or into a larger-interval time-series. The pressure calibration corrections are applied during reduction of the data to time-series. Temperature, conductivity and oxygen corrections to the series are maintained in separate files and are applied whenever the data are accessed. ODF data acquisition software acquired and processed the CTD data in real- time, providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and reporting during a cast. The 25 Hz data from the CTD were filtered, response-corrected and averaged to a 2 Hz (0.5-second) time-series. Sensor correction and calibration models were applied to pressure, temperature, conductivity and O2. Rosette trip data were extracted from this time- series in response to trip initiation and confirmation signals. The calibrated 2 Hz time-series data, as well as the 25 Hz raw data, were stored on disk and were available in real-time for reporting and graphical display. At the end of the cast, various consistency and calibration checks were performed, and a 2.0-db pressure-series of the down-cast was generated and subsequently used for reports and plots. CTD plots generated automatically at the completion of deployment were checked daily for potential problems. The two PRT temperature sensors were inter-calibrated and checked for sensor drift. The CTD conductivity sensor was monitored by comparing CTD values to check-sample conductivities, and by deep Theta-Salinity comparisons between down- and up-casts as well as adjacent stations. The CTD O2 sensor was calibrated to check-sample data. A few casts exhibited conductivity offsets due to biological or particulate artifacts. Some casts were subject to noise in the data stream caused by sea cable or slip-ring problems, or by moisture in the interconnect cables between the CTD and external sensors (i.e. O2). Intermittent noisy data were filtered out of the 2 Hz data using a spike-removal filter. A least- squares polynomial of specified order was fit to fixed-length segments of data. Points exceeding a specified multiple of the residual standard deviation were replaced by the polynomial value. Density inversions can be induced in high-gradient regions by ship- generated vertical motion of the rosette. Detailed examination of the raw data shows significant mixing occurring in these areas because of "ship roll". In order to minimize density inversions, a ship-roll filter was applied to all casts during pressure-sequencing to disallow pressure reversals. The first few seconds of in-water data were excluded from the pressure- series data, since the sensors were still adjusting to the going-in-water transition. However, some casts exhibited up to a 0.02 sigma theta drop during the top 10 db of the water column. A time-series data check verified these density features were probably real: the data were consistent over many frames of data at the same pressures. Appendix C details the magnitude of the larger density drops for the casts affected. Pressure intervals with no time-series data can optionally be filled by double-quadratic interpolation/extrapolation. The only pressure intervals missing/filled during this leg were at 0 db, caused by chopping off going- in-water transition data at pressure-sequencing. There is an inherent problem in the internal digitizing circuitry of the NBIS Mark III CTD when the sign bit for temperature flips. Raw temperature can shift 1-2 millidegrees as values cross between positive and negative, a problem avoided by offsetting the raw PRT readings by ~1.5 deg.C. The conductivity channel also can shift by 0.001-0.002 mmho/cm as raw data values change between 32767/32768, where all the bits flip at once. This is typically not a problem in shallow to intermediate depths because such a small shift becomes negligible in higher gradient areas. Raw CTD conductivity traversed 32767/32768 at ~1300+/-150 db (~3.75+/-0.15 deg.C theta) during I3 casts. There is no apparent salinity shift seen during this leg because the +0.001 PSU effect typical of the digitizing problem is lost in the higher gradients at these depths vs deeper water. A down-cast stop/slowdown nearly always caused a problem in fitting CTD O2 data because the raw oxygen signal shifted as oxygen became depleted in water near the sensor. A small shift was often noted as the winch slowed down for the bottom approach. The signal shift could usually be compensated for by applying a small constant offset to the raw oxygen current values from the stop/slowdown until the bottom of the cast, then re-fitting the oxygen data to the bottles. Raw CTD O2 offsets that resolved shifts at winch stops or slowdowns are noted in Appendix C. Appendix C contains a table of CTD casts requiring special attention; I3 CTD-related comments, problems and solutions are documented in detail. 7. CTD Laboratory Calibration Procedures Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations of CTD pressure and temperature sensors were used to generate tables of corrections applied by the CTD data acquisition and processing software at sea. These laboratory calibrations were also performed post-cruise. Pressure and temperature calibrations were performed on CTD #1 at the ODF Calibration Facility in La Jolla. The pre-cruise calibrations were done in December 1994, before five consecutive ODF WOCE legs in the Indian Ocean, and the post-cruise calibrations were done in September 1995. The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled water bath to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gage pressure reference. Calibration data were measured pre-/post-cruise at -1.42/+0.01 deg.C to a maximum loading pressure of 6080 db, and 30.41/31.24 deg.C to 1400/1190 db. Figures 7.0 and 7.1 summarize the CTD #1 laboratory pressure calibrations performed in December 1994 and September 1995. Figure 7.0 Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, December 1994. Figure 7.1 Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, September 1995. Additionally, dynamic thermal-response step tests were conducted on the pressure transducer to calibrate dynamic thermal effects. These results were combined with the static temperature calibrations to optimally correct the CTD pressure. CTD PRT temperatures were calibrated to an NBIS ATB-1250 resistance bridge and Rosemount standard PRT in a temperature-controlled bath. The primary and secondary CTD temperatures were offset by ~1.5 deg.C to avoid the 0-point discontinuity inherent in the internal digitizing circuitry. Standard and PRT temperatures were measured at 9 or more different bath temperatures between -1.5 and 31.3 deg.C, both pre- and post-cruise. Figures 7.2 and 7.3 summarize the laboratory calibrations performed on the CTD #1 primary PRT during December 1994 and September 1995. Figure 7.2 Primary PRT Temperature Calibration for ODF CTD #1, 12/94. Figure 7.3 Primary PRT Temperature Calibration for ODF CTD #1, 9/95. These laboratory temperature calibrations were referenced to an ITS-90 standard. Temperatures were converted to the IPTS-68 standard during processing in order to calculate other parameters, including salinity and density, which are currently defined in terms of that standard only. Final calibrated CTD temperatures were reported using the ITS-90 standard. 8. CTD Calibration Procedures This cruise was the third of five consecutive Indian Ocean WOCE legs using ODF CTD #1 exclusively. A redundant PRT sensor was used as a temperature calibration check while at sea. CTD conductivity and dissolved O2 were calibrated to in-situ check samples collected during each rosette cast. Final pressure, temperature, conductivity and oxygen corrections were determined during post-cruise processing. 8.1. CTD #1 Pressure There was a pre- to post-cruise (5 legs over 7.5 months) shift of -2.4 db at shallow and deep pressures in the cold-bath laboratory calibrations for pressure. The warm-bath pressure correction shifted by -1.8 db. Half of the closure between warm/cold calibrations can be accounted for by different temperatures of the pre-/post-cruise calibrations. There were no significant slope differences between pre- and post-cruise pressure calibrations. In order to determine when the pressure shift occurred, start-of-cast out- of-water pressure and temperature data from the 5 consecutive ODF legs were compared with similar data from the pre- and post-cruise laboratory calibrations for temperature. The pressure data from the I3 leg shifted ~0.8 db compared to pre-cruise laboratory data at all temperatures. A -0.8 db offset was applied to the entire pre-cruise pressure calibration. These revised calibration data, plus the dynamic thermal-response correction, were applied to I3 CTD #1 pressures. Down-cast surface pressures were automatically adjusted to 0 db as the CTD entered the water; any difference between this value and the calibration value was automatically adjusted during the top 50 decibars. Residual pressure offsets at the end of each up-cast (the difference between the last corrected pressure in-water and 0 db) averaged 0.05 db, thus indicating no problems with the final pressure corrections. Figure 8.1.0 shows the offset pre-cruise laboratory calibration used to correct I3 CTD #1 pressure data. Figure 8.1.0 I3 Pressure correction for ODF CTD #1: December 1994 calibration offset by -0.8 db. The entire 10-month pre- to post-cruise laboratory calibration shift for the pressure sensor on CTD #1 was less than half the magnitude of the WOCE accuracy specification of 3 db. I3 CTD pressures should be well within the desired standards. 8.2. CTD #1 Temperature An FSI PRT sensor (PRT2) was deployed as a second temperature channel and compared with the primary PRT channel (PRT1) on all casts to monitor for drift. The response times of the primary and secondary PRT sensors were matched, then preliminary corrected temperatures were compared for a series of standard depths from each CTD down-cast. The FSI PRT used during the last half of I9N and all of I8N/I5E was deployed as the secondary PRT during the entire I3 leg. The differences between the CTD #1 primary PRT and the FSI PRT drifted slowly during I9N, then stabilized at about -0.01 deg.C by the end of that first leg. The non-zero difference was attributed to drift in the FSI PRT sensor, since a stable conductivity correction indicated no shift in the primary PRT. There was no drift noted in the PRT1-PRT2 differences during I8N/I5E or I3; the differences remained stable near the value observed at the end of I9N. Figure 8.2.0 summarizes the comparison between the primary and secondary PRT temperatures. Figure 8.2.0 I3 Shipboard comparison of CTD #1 primary/secondary PRT temperatures, pressure > 1000 db. The primary temperature sensor laboratory calibrations indicated a -0.001 deg.C shift at 0 deg.C, a -0.0006 deg.C shift at mid-range temperatures, and a -0.0014 deg.C shift at 32 deg.C from pre- to post-cruise. The pre- and post-cruise temperature calibrations were equally weighted and combined to generate an average temperature correction, which was applied to all CTD casts done during the 5 legs between calibrations. Figure 8.2.1 summarizes the average of the pre-/post-cruise laboratory temperature calibrations for CTD #1. Figure 8.2.1 WOCE95 Primary temperature correction for ODF CTD #1, Dec.94/Sept.95 equally weighted average. The 10-month pre- to post-cruise laboratory calibration shift for the primary temperature sensor on CTD #1 was less than half the magnitude of the WOCE accuracy standard of 0.002 deg.C. Since an average of the two calibrations was applied to the data, I3 CTD temperatures should be well within the WOCE accuracy specifications. The secondary FSI temperature sensors either failed or drifted during I9N, the first leg of the 5 consecutive ODF legs, far more than the primary sensor drifted during the 10 months between laboratory calibrations. The FSI PRT sensors seemed to monitor their own drift better than that of the primary temperature sensor mounted permanently on CTD #1. Any comparison of their pre- and post-cruise calibrations was deemed pointless. 8.3. CTD #1 Conductivity The corrected CTD rosette trip pressure and temperature were used with the bottle salinity to calculate a bottle conductivity. Differences between the bottle and CTD conductivities were then used to derive a conductivity correction. This correction is normally linear for the 3-cm conductivity cell used in the Mark III CTD. Due to small shifting in CTD conductivity, probably caused by organic matter, the conductivity sensor was swabbed with distilled water prior to station 269 during I9N, then remained stable thereafter. Cast-by-cast comparisons showed minimal conductivity sensor drift during I8N/I5E and I3. Conductivity differences above and below the thermocline were fit to CTD conductivity for all 5 legs together to determine the conductivity slope. The conductivity slope gradually increased from stations 148 (I9N) to 800 (I7N), after which the conductivity sensor was swabbed with alcohol. Figure 8.3.0 shows the individual preliminary conductivity slopes for stations 148-800. Figure 8.3.0 CTD #1 prelim. conductivity slopes for WOCE95 stations 148(I9N) through 800(I7N). The conductivity slopes for stations 148-800 were fit to station number, with outlying values (4,2 standard deviations) rejected. Conductivity slopes were calculated from the first-order fit and applied to each I3 cast. Once the conductivity slopes were applied, residual CTD conductivity offset values were calculated for each cast using bottle conductivities deeper than 1400 db. Figure 8.3.1 illustrates the I3 preliminary conductivity offset residual values. Figure 8.3.1 I3 CTD #1 preliminary conductivity offsets by station number. Casts were grouped together based on drift and/or known CTD conductivity shifts to determine average offsets. This also smoothed the effect of any cast-to-cast bottle salinity variation, typically on the order of +/-0.001 PSU. 12 casts were omitted from the groups because they were shallower than 1400 db, or had too few bottles deeper than 1400 db to calculate a usable offset. Smoothed offsets were applied to each cast, then some offsets were manually adjusted to account for discontinuous shifts in the conductivity transducer response or bottle salinities, or to maintain deep theta-salinity consistency from cast to cast. There was at least one CTD cast sandwiched in between each mooring deployment for the first and third groups of moorings, causing a typical 6 to 8.5-hour delay between the end of one CTD cast and the start of the next. Mooring 6 required two attempts, causing a 13.5-hour gap between CTD casts. There was no apparent effect on conductivity offsets from these delays or the 3.5-day and 2-day gaps between stations 505/506 (7 consecutive mooring deployments) and stations 544/545 (mid-leg port stop). After applying the conductivity slopes and offsets to each cast, it was determined that surface salinity differences were ~0.008 PSU high compared to intermediate and deep differences. After the offset adjustments were made, a mean second-order conductivity correction was calculated for stations 148-800. Figure 8.3.2 shows the residual conductivity differences used for determining this correction. Figure 8.3.2 CTD #1 residual non-linear conductivity slope (WOCE95 stations 148 through 800). A 4,2-standard deviation rejection of the second-order fit was performed on these differences, then the remaining values were fit to conductivity. This non-linear correction, added to the linear corrections for each cast, effectively pulled in surface differences while having minimal effect on differences below the thermocline/halocline. The final I3 conductivity slopes, a combination of the linear coefficients from the preliminary and second-order fits, are summarized in Figure 8.3.3. Figure 8.3.4 summarizes the final combined conductivity offsets by station number. Figure 8.3.3 I3 CTD #1 conductivity slope corrections by station number. Figure 8.3.4 I3 CTD #1 conductivity offsets by station number. I3 temperature and conductivity correction coefficients are also tabulated in Appendix A. Summary of Residual Salinity Differences Figures 8.3.5, 8.3.6 and 8.3.7 summarize the I3 residual differences between bottle and CTD salinities after applying the conductivity corrections. Only CTD and bottle salinities with (final) quality code 2 were used to generate these figures. Figure 8.3.5 I3 Salinity residual differences vs pressure (after correction). Figure 8.3.6 I3 Salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction). Figure 8.3.7 I3 Deep salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction). The CTD conductivity calibration represents a best estimate of the conductivity field throughout the water column. 3-sigma from the mean residual in Figures 8.3.6 and 8.3.7, or +/-0.0048 PSU for all salinities and +/-0.0007 PSU for deep salinities, represents the limit of repeatability of the bottle salinities (Autosal, rosette, operators and samplers). This limit agrees with station overlays of deep Theta-Salinity. Within most casts (a single salinometer run), the precision of bottle salinities appears to be better than 0.001 PSU. The precision of the CTD salinities appears to be better than 0.0005 PSU. Final calibrated CTD data from WOCE95 I9N, I8N, I4 and I10 legs were compared with I3 data. Deep Theta-Salinity comparisons for casts at four positions where the WOCE lines crossed showed less than 0.001 PSU difference for each group of casts. GEOSECS station 452 was compared with I3 station 499, casts taken at nearly the same positions. The GEOSECS data were +0.001 to +0.002 PSU compared to I3 data, the same difference seen on multiple casts comparing GEOSECS to I9N and I8N/I5E data. WOCE95 I3 data were also compared with final data from the 37 positions repeated during WOCE97 ICM3. Deep CTD Theta-Salinity data showed less than a 0.001 PSU difference for most casts; the difference increased half again as much as cast positions approached the Madagascar coast. The WOCE95 minus GEOSECS average difference becomes closer to -0.0005 PSU if GEOSECS salinity values are corrected for Standard Seawater batch (P-63) differences [Mant87]. The Standard Seawater batches from the five consecutive WOCE95 ODF legs (P-126) and from WOCE97 ICM3 (P-125) have not been compared to other batches. A cross-calibration is planned for late 1998; however, recent batches from OSI have been quite reliable, requiring, at worst, a +/-0.001 PSU correction [Mant97]. 8.4. CTD Dissolved Oxygen The same oxygen sensor used on I9N and I8N/I5E was used on the first 11 casts of I3. The first sensor was switched out for a used spare sensor for stations 454-456, during which there were excessive CTD O2 noise and offsetting problems. An apparently new oxygen sensor was installed beginning station 457: there were extremely noisy large sections, both down- and up-cast, on this station. After station 457, the cable/connectors between the sensor and the CTD were reseated, and the noise problems disappeared. This third sensor was used for the remainder of the I3 leg. There are a number of problems with the response characteristics of the SensorMedics O2 sensor used in the NBIS Mark III CTD, the major ones being a secondary thermal response and a sensitivity to profiling velocity. Stopping the rosette for as little as half a minute, or slowing down for a bottom approach, can cause shifts in the CTD O2 profile. Such shifts could usually be corrected by offsetting the raw oxygen data from the stop or slow-down area to the bottom of the cast. All offset sections, winch stops or slow-downs that affected CTD oxygen data are documented in Appendix C. Because of these same stop/slow-down problems, up-cast CTD rosette trip data cannot be optimally calibrated to O2 check samples. Instead, down- cast CTD O2 data are derived by matching the up-cast rosette trips along isopycnal surfaces. The differences between CTD O2 data modeled from these derived values and check samples are then minimized using a non-linear least-squares fitting procedure. Figures 8.4.0 and 8.4.1 show the residual differences between the corrected CTD O2 and the bottle O2 (ml/l) for each station. Figure 8.4.0 I3 O2 residual differences vs station # (after correction). Figure 8.4.1 I3 Deep O2 residual differences vs station # (after correction). The standard deviations of 0.06 ml/l for all oxygens and 0.02 ml/l for deep oxygens are only intended as metrics of the goodness of the fits. ODF makes no claims regarding the precision or accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data. The general form of the ODF O2 conversion equation follows Brown and Morrison [Brow78] and Millard [Mill82], [Owen85]. ODF does not use a digitized O2 sensor temperature to model the secondary thermal response but instead models membrane and sensor temperatures by low-pass filtering the PRT temperature. In-situ pressure and temperature are filtered to match the sensor response. Time-constants for the pressure response Taup, and two temperature responses TauTs and TauTf are fitting parameters. The Oc gradient, dOc/dt, is approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order Oc differences. This gradient term attempts to correct for reduction of species other than O2 at the cathode. The time-constant for this filter, Tauog, is a fitting parameter. Oxygen partial-pressure is then calculated: Opp=[c1*Oc+c2]*fsat(S,T,P)*e**(c3*Pl+c4*Tf+c5*Ts+c6*dOc/dt) (8.4.0) where: Opp = Dissolved O2 partial-pressure in atmospheres (atm); Oc = Sensor current (uamps); fsat(S,T,P) = O2 saturation partial-pressure at S,T,P (atm); S = Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs); T = Temperature at O2 response-time (deg.C); P = Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars); Pl = Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars); Tf = Fast low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C); Ts = Slow low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C); dOc/dt = Sensor current gradient (uamps/secs). I3 CTD O2 correction coefficients (c1 - c6) are tabulated in Appendix B. 9. Bottle Sampling At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the bottles in the following order: o CFCs; o 3He; o O2; o Total CO2; o Alkalinity; o AMS 14C; o Tritium; o Nutrients; o Salinity; o Barium. The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for the cast. This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions noted about the rosette and bottles. One member of the sampling team was designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this log and insure that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order. Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve before opening the air vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log. Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking the sample draw temperature from the bottle. The temperature was noted on the sample log and was sometimes useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles. Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were distributed to their respective laboratories for analysis. Oxygen, nutrients and salinity analyses were performed on computer-assisted (PC) analytical equipment networked to Sun SPARCstations for centralized data analysis. The analysts for each specific property were responsible for insuring that their results were updated into the cruise database. 10. Bottle Data Processing Bottle data processing began with sample drawing, and continued until the data were considered to be final. One of the most important pieces of information, the sample log sheet, was filled out during the drawing of the many different samples, and was useful both as a sample inventory, and as a guide for the technicians in carrying out their analyses. Any problems observed with the rosette before or during the sample drawing were noted on this form, including indications of bottle leaks, out-of-order drawing, etc. Oxygen draw temperatures recorded on this form were at times the first indicator of rosette bottle-tripping problems. Additional clues regarding bottle tripping or leak problems were found by individual analysts as the samples were analyzed and the resulting data were processed and checked by those personnel. The next stage of processing was accomplished after the individual parameter files were merged into a common station file, along with CTD- derived parameters (pressure, temperature, conductivity, etc.). The rosette cast and bottle numbers were the primary identification for all ODF-analyzed samples taken from the bottle, and were used to merge the analytical results with the CTD data associated with the bottle. At this stage, bottle tripping problems were usually resolved, sometimes resulting in changes to the pressure, temperature and other CTD properties associated with the bottle. All CTD information from each bottle trip (confirmed or not) was retained in a file, so resolving bottle tripping problems consisted of correlating CTD trip data with the rosette bottles. Diagnostic comments from the sample log, and notes from analysts and/or bottle data processors were entered into a computer file associated with each station (the "quality" file) as part of the quality control procedure. Sample data from bottles suspected of leaking were checked to see if the properties were consistent with the profile for the cast, with adjacent stations, and, where applicable, with the CTD data. Various property- property plots and vertical sections were examined for both consistency within a cast and consistency with adjacent stations by data processors, who advised analysts of possible errors or irregularities. The analysts reviewed and sometimes revised their data as additional calibration or diagnostic results became available. Based on the outcome of investigations of the various comments in the quality files, WHP water sample codes were selected to indicate the reliability of the individual parameters affected by the comments. WHP bottle codes were assigned where evidence showed the entire bottle was affected, as in the case of a leak, or a bottle trip at other than the intended depth. WHP water bottle quality codes were assigned as defined in the WOCE Operations Manual [Joyc94] with the following additional interpretations: | 2 | No problems noted. 3 | Leaking. An air leak large enough to produce an | observable effect on a sample is identified by a code of | 3 on the bottle and a code of 4 on the oxygen. (Small | air leaks may have no observable effect, or may only | affect gas samples.) 4 | Did not trip correctly. Bottles tripped at other than | the intended depth were assigned a code of 4. There may | be no problems with the associated water sample data. 5 | Not reported. No water sample data reported. This is a | representative level derived from the CTD data for | reporting purposes. The sample number should be in the | range of 80-99. 9 | The samples were not drawn from this bottle. WHP water sample quality flags were assigned using the following criteria: | 1 | The sample for this measurement was drawn from the water | bottle, but the results of the analysis were not (yet) | received. 2 | Acceptable measurement. 3 | Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the | station profile or adjacent station comparisons (or | possibly CTD data comparisons). No notes from the | analyst indicated a problem. The data could be | acceptable, but are open to interpretation. 4 | Bad measurement. The data did not fit the station | profile, adjacent stations or CTD data. There were | analytical notes indicating a problem, but data values | were reported. Sampling and analytical errors were also | coded as 4. 5 | Not reported. There should always be a reason | associated with a code of 5, usually that the sample was | lost, contaminated or rendered unusable. 9 | The sample for this measurement was not drawn. WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDSAL (CTD salinity) parameter as follows: | 2 | Acceptable measurement. 3 | Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the | bottle data, or there was a CTD conductivity calibration | shift during the up-cast. 4 | Bad measurement. The CTD up-cast data were determined | to be unusable for calculating a salinity. 7 | Despiked. The CTD data have been filtered to eliminate | a spike or offset. WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDOXY (CTD O2) parameter as follows: | 1 | Not calibrated. Data are uncalibrated. 2 | Acceptable measurement. 3 | Questionable measurement. 4 | Bad measurement. The CTD data were determined to be | unusable for calculating a dissolved oxygen | concentration. 5 | Not reported. The CTD data could not be reported, | typically when CTD salinity is coded 3 or 4. 7 | Despiked. The CTD data have been filtered to eliminate | a spike or offset. 9 | Not sampled. No operational CTD O2 sensor was present | on this cast. Note that all CTDOXY values were derived from the down-cast pressure-series CTD data. CTD data were matched to the up-cast bottle data along isopycnal surfaces. If the CTD salinity was footnoted as bad or questionable, the CTD O2 was not reported. Table 10.0 shows the number of samples drawn and the number of times each WHP sample quality flag was assigned for each basic hydrographic property: +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Rosette Samples Stations 443-573 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Reported WHP Quality Codes | | Levels 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 | +----------++---------+-------------------------------------------------------+ |Bottle || 4006 | 0 3994 4 1 0 0 7 | |CTD Salt || 4006 | 0 4006 0 0 0 0 0 | |CTD Oxy || 4006 | 0 3936 66 4 0 0 0 | |Salinity || 3996 | 0 3942 46 8 1 0 9 | |Oxygen || 3990 | 0 3930 43 17 6 0 10 | |Silicate || 3872 | 0 3866 0 6 1 0 133 | |Nitrate || 3872 | 0 3834 32 6 1 0 133 | |Nitrite || 3872 | 0 3866 0 6 1 0 133 | |Phosphate || 3872 | 0 3849 17 6 1 0 133 | +----------++---------+-------------------------------------------------------+ Table 10.0 Frequency of WHP quality flag assignments for I3. Additionally, all WHP water bottle/sample quality code comments are presented in Appendix D. 11. Pressure and Temperatures All pressures and temperatures for the bottle data tabulations on the rosette casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at the time the bottle was closed on the rosette, then correcting the data based on CTD laboratory calibrations. The temperatures are reported using the International Temperature Scale of 1990. 12. Salinity Analysis Equipment and Techniques Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers were available for measuring salinities. The salinometers were modified by ODF and contained interfaces for computer-aided measurement. Autosal #55-654 was used to measure salinity on all the stations; its water bath was set at 24 deg.C for stations 443-461. The bath temperature was lowered to 21 deg.C for stations 462-573 after the lab air temperature cooled. Autosal #57-396 was set at 24 deg.C as a backup unit but was never used. The salinity analyses were performed when samples had equilibrated to laboratory temperature, usually within 7-24 hours after collection. The salinometer was standardized for each group of analyses (typically one cast, usually 36 samples) using at least one fresh vial of standard per cast. A computer (PC) prompted the analyst for control functions such as changing sample, flushing, or switching to "read" mode. At the correct time, the computer acquired conductivity ratio measurements, and logged results. The salinometer cell was flushed until two groups of readings met software criteria for consistency, both within and between groups; the two averages of the groups of measurements were then averaged for a final result. Sampling and Data Processing Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate bottles, which were rinsed three times with sample prior to filling. The bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. Prior to collecting each sample, inserts were inspected for proper fit and loose inserts were replaced to insure an airtight seal. The draw time and equilibration time were logged for all casts. Laboratory temperatures were logged at the beginning and end of each run. PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity ratios. The difference (if any) between the initial vial of standard water and one run at the end as an unknown was applied linearly to the data to account for any drift. The data were added to the cruise database. 3996 salinity measurements were made and 265 vials of standard water were used. The estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular Standard Seawater batch used. Laboratory Temperature The temperature stability in the salinometer laboratory was good, with the lab temperature generally 1-2 deg.C lower than the Autosal bath temperature. Standards IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-126 was used to standardize the salinometers. 13. Oxygen Analysis Equipment and Techniques Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365nm wavelength ultra-violet light. The titration of the samples and the data logging were controlled by PC software. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret. ODF used a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter [Carp65] with modifications by Culberson et al. [Culb91], but with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (approximately 0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (50 gm/l). Standard solutions prepared from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals were run at the beginning of each session of analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 stations. Several standards were made up during the cruise and compared to assure that the results were reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of a weighing or dilution error. Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined, to account for presence of oxidizing or reducing materials. Sampling and Data Processing Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette sampler was brought on board, and after samples for CFC and helium were drawn. Using a Tygon drawing tube, nominal 125ml volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed twice with minimal agitation, then filled and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask volumes. The sample temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice to assure thorough dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after drawing, and then again after about 20 minutes. The samples were analyzed within 2-18 hours of collection, usually within 10 hours, and the data were then merged with the cruise database. Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and corrected to 20 deg.C. The 20 deg.C normalities and the blanks were plotted versus time and were reviewed for possible problems. New thiosulfate normalities were recalculated after the blanks had been smoothed as a function of time, if warranted. These normalities were then smoothed, and the oxygen data were recalculated. Oxygens were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram using the in-situ temperature. Ideally, for whole-bottle titrations, the conversion temperature should be the temperature of the water issuing from the bottle spigot. The sample temperatures were measured at the time the samples were drawn from the bottle, but were not used in the conversion from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram because the software for this calculation was not available. Aberrant drawing temperatures provided an additional flag indicating that a bottle may not have tripped properly. 3990 oxygen measurements were made, with no major problems with the analyses. The auto-titrator generally performed very well. One minor problem noted on the expedition was that there was a gradual decrease in the UV detector output voltage. It was discovered later that the window material between the lamp and detector was slowly becoming opaque. At the time, the oxygen analysts were able to overcome the voltage drop by increasing a gain control. Volumetric Calibration Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed deionized water to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory. This is done once before using flasks for the first time and periodically thereafter when a suspect bottle volume is detected. The volumetric flasks used in preparing standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as was the 10 ml Dosimat buret used to dispense standard iodate solution. Standards Potassium iodate standards, nominally 0.44 gram, were pre-weighed in ODF's chemistry laboratory to +/-0.0001 grams. The exact normality was calculated at sea after the volumetric flask volume and dilution temperature were known. Potassium iodate was obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and was reported by the supplier to be >99.4% pure. All other reagents are "reagent grade" and are tested for levels of oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to use. 14. Nutrient Analysis Equipment and Techniques Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within a few hours after sample collection. Occasionally samples were refrigerated up to 6 hours at 2-6 deg.C. All samples were brought to room temperature prior to analysis. The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Gord92], Hager et al. [Hage72], Atlas et al. [Atla71]. The analog outputs from each of the four channels were digitized and logged automatically by computer (PC) at 2-second intervals. Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67]. An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to produce silicomolybdic acid which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. Tartaric acid was also added to impede PO4 color development. The sample was passed through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 820nm. ODF's methodology is known to be non-linear at high silicate concentrations (>120 uM); a correction for this non-linearity is applied through ODF's software. A modification of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] procedure was used for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For the nitrate analysis, the seawater sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was quantitatively reduced to nitrite. Sulfanilamide was introduced to the sample stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride which coupled to form a red azo dye. The stream was then passed through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm. The same technique was employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was not present, and a 50mm flowcell was used for measurement. Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms [Bern67] technique. An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate. The reaction product was heated to ~55 deg.C to enhance color development, then passed through a 50mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 820m. Sampling and Data Processing Nutrient samples were drawn into 40 ml polypropylene, screw-capped centrifuge tubes. The tubes were cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed with sample twice before filling. Standardizations were performed at the beginning and end of each group of analyses (typically one cast, usually 36 samples) with an intermediate concentration mixed nutrient standard prepared prior to each run from a secondary standard in a low-nutrient seawater matrix. The secondary standards were prepared aboard ship by dilution from dry, pre-weighed primary standards. Sets of 5-6 different standard concentrations were analyzed periodically to determine the deviation from linearity as a function of concentration for each nutrient. After each group of samples was analyzed, the raw data file was processed to produce another file of response factors, baseline values, and absorbances. Computer-produced absorbance readings were checked for accuracy against values taken from a strip chart recording. The data were then added to the cruise database. 3872 nutrient samples were analyzed. No major problems were encountered with the measurements, other than a continuing difficulty in holding the lab temperature constant. The pump tubing was changed one time. An aliquot from a large volume of stored deep seawater was run with each set of samples as a substandard. The efficiency of the cadmium column used for nitrate reduction was monitored throughout the cruise and ranged from 99.8-100.0%. Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm pressure (0 db), in-situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25 deg.C. Standards Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, was obtained from Fluka Chemical Company and Fisher Scientific and was reported by the suppliers to be >98% pure. Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate (KH2PO4) were obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier reported purities of 99.999%, 97%, and 99.999%, respectively. REFERENCES Arms67. Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J. D. H., "The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea Research, 14, pp. 381-389 (1967). Atla71. Atlas, E. L., Hager, S. W., Gordon, L. I., and Park, P. K., "A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer(R) in Seawater Nutrient Analyses Revised," Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22, p. 49, Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography (1971). Bern67. Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer," Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967). Brow78. Brown, N. L. and Morrison, G. K., "WHOI/Brown conductivity, temperature and depth microprofiler," Technical Report No. 78-23, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1978). Carp65. Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp. 141-143 (1965). Cart80. Carter, D. J. T., "Computerised Version of Echo-sounding Correction Tables (Third Edition)," Marine Information and Advisory Service, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey. GU8 5UB. U.K. (1980). Culb91. Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and Zemlyak, F., "A comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office (Aug 1991). Gord92. Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., "A suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem Oc. (1992). Hage72. Hager, S. W., Atlas, E. L., Gordon, L. D., Mantyla, A. W., and Park, P. K., "A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, nitrate, and silicate," Limnology and Oceanography, 17, pp. 931-937 (1972). Joyc94. Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting," Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, pp. 52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA (May 1994, Rev. 2). UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT. Mant87. Mantyla, A. W., "Standard Seawater Comparisons Updated," Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17.4, p. 547 (1987). Mant97. Mantyla, A. W. (1997). Private communication. Mill82. Millard, R. C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques at WHOI using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference and Workshop, p. 19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982). Owen85. Owens, W. B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "A new algorithm for CTD oxygen calibration," Journ. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p. 621 (1985). UNES81. UNESCO, "Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978," UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, p. 144 (1981). APPENDIX A WOCE95-I3: CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary PRT ITS-90 Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ Response corT = t2*T**2 + t1*T + t0 corC = c2*C**2 + c1*C + c0 Cast Time (secs) t2 t1 t0 c2 c1 c0 443/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85295e-03 0.01101 444/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85268e-03 0.01105 445/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85240e-03 0.01110 446/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85212e-03 0.01115 447/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85184e-03 0.01119 448/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85157e-03 0.01124 449/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85129e-03 0.01128 450/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85101e-03 0.01133 451/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85074e-03 0.01137 452/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85046e-03 0.01142 453/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.85018e-03 0.01147 454/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84990e-03 0.01151 455/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84963e-03 0.01156 456/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84935e-03 0.01160 457/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84907e-03 0.01165 458/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84879e-03 0.01170 459/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84852e-03 0.01174 460/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84824e-03 0.01179 461/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84796e-03 0.01183 462/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84768e-03 0.01188 463/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84741e-03 0.01192 464/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84713e-03 0.01197 465/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84685e-03 0.01202 466/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84658e-03 0.01206 467/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84630e-03 0.01211 468/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84602e-03 0.01215 469/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84574e-03 0.01220 470/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84547e-03 0.01225 471/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84519e-03 0.01229 472/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84491e-03 0.01234 473/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84463e-03 0.01238 474/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84436e-03 0.01243 475/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84408e-03 0.01247 476/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84380e-03 0.01252 477/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84352e-03 0.01257 478/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84325e-03 0.01261 479/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84297e-03 0.01266 480/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84269e-03 0.01270 481/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84242e-03 0.01275 482/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84214e-03 0.01279 483/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84186e-03 0.01284 484/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84158e-03 0.01289 485/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84131e-03 0.01513 486/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84103e-03 0.01363 487/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84075e-03 0.01363 488/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84047e-03 0.01363 489/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.84020e-03 0.01363 490/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83992e-03 0.01363 491/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83964e-03 0.01363 492/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83936e-03 0.01363 493/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83909e-03 0.01363 494/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83881e-03 0.01363 495/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83853e-03 0.01363 496/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83825e-03 0.01363 497/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83798e-03 0.01363 498/02 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83770e-03 0.01363 499/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83742e-03 0.01363 500/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83715e-03 0.01363 501/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83687e-03 0.01363 502/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83659e-03 0.01363 PRT ITS-90 Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ Response corT = t2*T**2 + t1*T + t0 corC = c2*C**2 + c1*C + c0 Cast Time (secs) t2 t1 t0 c2 c1 c0 503/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83631e-03 0.01363 504/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83604e-03 0.01413 505/02 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83576e-03 0.01425 506/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83548e-03 0.01518 507/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83520e-03 0.01460 508/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83493e-03 0.01453 509/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83465e-03 0.01363 510/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83437e-03 0.01363 511/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83409e-03 0.01363 512/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83382e-03 0.01363 513/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83354e-03 0.01516 514/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83326e-03 0.01509 515/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83299e-03 0.01502 516/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83271e-03 0.01395 517/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83243e-03 0.01387 518/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83215e-03 0.01380 519/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83188e-03 0.01373 520/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83160e-03 0.01365 521/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83132e-03 0.01358 522/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83104e-03 0.01351 523/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83077e-03 0.01343 524/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83049e-03 0.01336 525/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.83021e-03 0.01329 526/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82993e-03 0.01321 527/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82966e-03 0.01314 528/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82938e-03 0.01307 529/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82910e-03 0.01199 530/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82882e-03 0.01192 531/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82855e-03 0.01285 532/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82827e-03 0.01277 533/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82799e-03 0.01270 534/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82772e-03 0.01263 535/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82744e-03 0.01256 536/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82716e-03 0.01248 537/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82688e-03 0.01141 538/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82661e-03 0.01234 539/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82633e-03 0.01226 540/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82605e-03 0.01219 541/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82577e-03 0.01212 542/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82550e-03 0.01204 543/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82522e-03 0.01197 544/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82494e-03 0.01190 545/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82466e-03 0.01289 546/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82439e-03 0.01289 547/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82411e-03 0.01289 548/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82383e-03 0.01289 549/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82356e-03 0.01289 550/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82328e-03 0.01289 551/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82300e-03 0.01289 552/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82272e-03 0.01289 553/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82245e-03 0.01289 554/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82217e-03 0.01289 555/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82189e-03 0.01289 556/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82161e-03 0.01289 557/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82134e-03 0.01289 558/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82106e-03 0.01289 559/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82078e-03 0.01289 560/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82050e-03 0.01289 561/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.82023e-03 0.01289 562/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81995e-03 0.01289 563/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81967e-03 0.01289 564/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81940e-03 0.01289 565/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81912e-03 0.01289 PRT ITS-90 Temperature Coefficients Conductivity Coefficients Sta/ Response corT = t2*T**2 + t1*T + t0 corC = c2*C**2 + c1*C + c0 Cast Time (secs) t2 t1 t0 c2 c1 c0 566/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81884e-03 0.01289 567/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81856e-03 0.01289 568/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81829e-03 0.01289 569/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81801e-03 0.01289 570/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81773e-03 0.01289 571/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81745e-03 0.01289 572/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81718e-03 0.01289 573/01 .34 1.9889e-05 -6.2817e-04 -1.4986 1.14690e-05 -1.81690e-03 0.01289 APPENDIX B Summary of WOCE95-I3 CTD Oxygen Time Constants +--------------------------+----------+-------------+ | Temperature | Pressure | O2 Gradient | |Fast(TauTf) | Slow(TauTs) | (Taup) | (Tauog) | +------------+-------------+----------+-------------+ | 1.0 | 400.0 | 24.0 | 16.0 | +------------+-------------+----------+-------------+ WOCE95-I3: Conversion Equation Coefficients for CTD Oxygen (refer to Equation 8.4.0) Sta/ OcSlope Offset Plcoeff Tfcoeff Tscoeff dOc/dtcoeff Cast (c1) (c2) (c3) (c4) (c5) (c6) 443/01 5.24604e-04 5.08875e-01 -1.28008e-04 -1.43647e-03 -1.78811e-02 9.42061e-06 444/01 4.09534e-03 5.82154e-01 -1.93546e-03 -1.94793e-02 -6.24300e-02 1.74186e-06 445/01 1.59369e-03 -4.13140e-01 -2.41892e-04 -1.11285e-02 -3.15643e-02 8.47185e-06 446/01 1.80168e-03 -1.40451e-01 -7.63024e-05 3.03338e-03 -5.26259e-02 2.89488e-06 447/01 9.46805e-04 -2.34407e-02 2.14854e-04 1.64348e-03 -2.97044e-02 1.92008e-05 448/01 1.45234e-03 -7.59775e-02 2.07696e-05 4.19242e-03 -4.56202e-02 3.92619e-06 449/01 1.02780e-03 -1.94939e-02 1.54478e-04 4.39120e-03 -3.29510e-02 4.44761e-06 450/01 9.78695e-04 6.12081e-03 1.47661e-04 2.41014e-04 -2.96147e-02 1.55949e-06 451/01 1.01443e-03 -1.74535e-02 1.57855e-04 2.07253e-03 -3.25091e-02 3.06853e-06 452/01 1.08463e-03 -4.57847e-02 1.64979e-04 3.69554e-03 -3.51764e-02 4.11824e-06 453/01 1.05280e-03 -3.30893e-02 1.59866e-04 2.60034e-03 -3.32375e-02 2.82671e-06 454/01 1.00986e-03 9.89291e-04 1.44061e-04 -2.41474e-03 -2.37060e-02 3.07918e-06 455/01 9.97421e-04 1.48810e-02 1.38342e-04 1.05087e-04 -2.70563e-02 2.51310e-06 456/01 1.01547e-03 1.02616e-02 1.40971e-04 2.74715e-03 -2.84619e-02 2.99904e-07 457/01 1.09835e-03 -5.61964e-03 1.52594e-04 4.95375e-03 -3.35657e-02 - 2.51402e-06 458/01 1.06775e-03 1.66512e-02 1.42948e-04 -2.22013e-03 -2.99718e-02 - 1.97404e-06 459/01 1.15182e-03 -2.37854e-02 1.55684e-04 5.89182e-03 -3.37317e-02 - 1.78252e-06 460/01 1.04308e-03 2.14059e-02 1.43712e-04 2.93938e-03 -2.92100e-02 3.85552e-06 461/01 1.09541e-03 7.86400e-03 1.45260e-04 -9.93293e-04 -3.03536e-02 - 3.51458e-06 462/01 1.10818e-03 2.83447e-03 1.45293e-04 1.86379e-03 -3.11622e-02 - 1.69174e-06 463/01 1.08650e-03 1.14055e-02 1.43492e-04 2.22981e-03 -3.08549e-02 1.20690e-06 464/01 1.10582e-03 4.51199e-03 1.45531e-04 -4.22755e-03 -2.88840e-02 - 1.04423e-06 465/01 1.12088e-03 -1.99721e-03 1.47229e-04 2.23455e-03 -3.18809e-02 4.69823e-07 466/01 1.11800e-03 5.20052e-03 1.42536e-04 3.02798e-03 -3.16855e-02 5.93234e-06 467/01 1.11800e-03 4.05728e-03 1.45664e-04 -5.65006e-03 -2.91712e-02 - 1.30588e-06 468/01 1.12315e-03 4.85684e-04 1.45213e-04 1.89116e-03 -3.17920e-02 1.39097e-05 469/01 1.09730e-03 1.06015e-02 1.43196e-04 2.91867e-04 -3.02902e-02 5.84872e-07 470/01 1.07515e-03 1.78781e-02 1.44219e-04 -4.86181e-03 -2.78690e-02 4.50950e-07 471/01 1.11919e-03 6.69558e-05 1.46331e-04 -5.62501e-05 -3.06127e-02 - 5.21759e-07 472/01 1.05730e-03 2.47007e-02 1.40302e-04 3.86527e-03 -3.07740e-02 5.06567e-06 473/01 1.09273e-03 1.51423e-02 1.42724e-04 -3.96151e-03 -3.01607e-02 - 1.49672e-06 474/01 1.07705e-03 1.94738e-02 1.41408e-04 3.57593e-03 -3.18829e-02 4.30401e-06 475/01 1.11120e-03 7.05685e-03 1.41939e-04 4.55625e-03 -3.23268e-02 2.25701e-06 476/01 1.10488e-03 5.46969e-03 1.46118e-04 -3.14273e-03 -2.92413e-02 3.64184e-08 477/01 1.06173e-03 1.61171e-02 1.45385e-04 2.81088e-03 -3.03922e-02 5.44719e-06 478/01 1.06976e-03 1.52997e-02 1.43564e-04 3.11059e-03 -3.08673e-02 1.05523e-05 479/01 1.10651e-03 4.07324e-03 1.45971e-04 -3.00065e-03 -2.94177e-02 2.59808e-06 480/01 1.09731e-03 6.78862e-03 1.45741e-04 -9.58801e-04 -2.96328e-02 2.79816e-06 481/01 1.07996e-03 1.02816e-02 1.45970e-04 5.35777e-03 -3.22206e-02 - 2.45226e-06 482/01 1.07370e-03 8.95338e-03 1.48622e-04 8.95965e-04 -2.87555e-02 7.96268e-07 483/01 1.09691e-03 1.16333e-04 1.49939e-04 3.68823e-03 -3.13551e-02 6.58897e-06 484/01 1.06553e-03 1.23952e-02 1.46032e-04 5.72961e-03 -3.21447e-02 - 2.45900e-06 485/01 9.86263e-04 2.65290e-02 1.56047e-04 1.10657e-03 -2.62662e-02 1.02526e-07 486/01 1.05008e-03 2.52799e-02 1.30258e-04 1.44535e-03 -2.87977e-02 1.05829e-06 487/01 1.07630e-03 2.05947e-02 1.13947e-04 3.48840e-03 -3.05074e-02 - 1.04639e-06 488/01 1.01111e-03 9.30096e-03 1.61887e-04 2.09861e-03 -2.76433e-02 5.02050e-06 489/01 1.07688e-03 2.74815e-03 1.50703e-04 4.59180e-03 -3.06524e-02 - 6.23783e-06 490/01 1.06172e-03 9.16137e-03 1.49042e-04 2.86919e-03 -3.04415e-02 2.33969e-06 491/01 1.08989e-03 7.37636e-03 1.44957e-04 2.07593e-03 -3.11475e-02 2.26998e-06 492/01 1.09439e-03 -2.30557e-03 1.49705e-04 8.02575e-03 -3.54601e-02 2.68545e-06 Sta/ OcSlope Offset Plcoeff Tfcoeff Tscoeff dOc/dtcoeff Cast (c1) (c2) (c3) (c4) (c5) (c6) 493/01 1.10072e-03 -2.86152e-03 1.48369e-04 4.71987e-03 -3.25191e-02 - 8.42091e-07 494/01 1.09194e-03 2.63569e-03 1.46867e-04 -1.06389e-03 -3.00606e-02 - 1.21770e-06 495/01 1.11509e-03 -4.98955e-03 1.46086e-04 5.52357e-03 -3.29908e-02 2.67995e-07 496/01 1.09827e-03 -1.33337e-03 1.46547e-04 2.90691e-03 -3.17842e-02 1.10393e-06 497/01 1.06069e-03 1.27106e-02 1.46806e-04 -7.93608e-03 -2.58547e-02 - 2.30914e-06 498/02 1.07191e-03 6.72747e-03 1.47424e-04 -1.15187e-03 -2.94050e-02 1.44469e-06 499/01 1.06803e-03 1.05282e-02 1.43874e-04 5.53977e-03 -3.23868e-02 - 1.95392e-07 500/01 1.07797e-03 1.14175e-02 1.43025e-04 -3.31482e-03 -2.89639e-02 - 2.77988e-06 501/01 1.07320e-03 1.50740e-02 1.40856e-04 2.49790e-03 -3.13063e-02 1.16771e-06 502/01 1.11952e-03 -3.81513e-03 1.44491e-04 2.03978e-03 -3.13867e-02 - 3.55006e-06 503/01 1.08890e-03 3.25107e-03 1.44930e-04 4.45852e-03 -3.19118e-02 3.57650e-06 504/01 1.09072e-03 5.10271e-03 1.45306e-04 4.90155e-04 -3.01307e-02 1.68524e-07 505/02 1.06466e-03 7.80966e-03 1.47582e-04 1.04091e-04 -2.91506e-02 4.30725e-06 506/01 1.09763e-03 3.08555e-03 1.44119e-04 1.24315e-03 -3.27067e-02 3.26401e-07 507/01 1.08357e-03 5.23438e-03 1.44586e-04 -3.15323e-04 -3.07945e-02 1.43540e-06 508/01 1.06556e-03 1.36354e-02 1.41739e-04 3.59388e-03 -3.36870e-02 3.29657e-06 509/01 1.07267e-03 -5.09354e-03 1.54707e-04 8.78140e-03 -3.58642e-02 - 4.00924e-06 510/01 1.05016e-03 7.18126e-03 1.49676e-04 6.84311e-03 -3.47527e-02 5.91472e-06 511/01 1.04414e-03 -4.30573e-04 1.57538e-04 5.43559e-03 -3.33926e-02 - 9.30481e-07 512/01 1.02777e-03 8.90130e-03 1.55921e-04 1.35290e-03 -3.06702e-02 - 4.39226e-06 513/01 1.08604e-03 -4.53306e-03 1.50887e-04 9.03041e-03 -3.73435e-02 6.11307e-06 514/01 1.08330e-03 -4.92620e-03 1.50389e-04 1.30966e-02 -4.01073e-02 7.36763e-07 515/01 1.07295e-03 -5.43946e-03 1.53426e-04 7.68342e-03 -3.50948e-02 1.28165e-07 516/01 1.07262e-03 5.41963e-03 1.45492e-04 4.14298e-03 -3.33916e-02 - 6.73634e-07 517/01 1.08530e-03 9.91808e-04 1.45906e-04 -1.79845e-04 -3.14865e-02 2.03003e-07 518/01 1.05328e-03 6.39805e-03 1.48215e-04 6.27946e-03 -3.39373e-02 5.64098e-06 519/01 1.09566e-03 -1.58465e-02 1.52540e-04 8.85351e-03 -3.66697e-02 4.61836e-06 520/01 1.09815e-03 -2.81835e-03 1.41541e-04 5.34060e-03 -3.38047e-02 - 4.16464e-07 521/01 1.05331e-03 6.18857e-03 1.50910e-04 4.01803e-03 -3.15793e-02 - 2.97739e-06 522/01 1.02115e-03 8.17092e-03 1.57619e-04 9.03984e-04 -2.92108e-02 3.85834e-06 523/01 1.09873e-03 -4.87389e-03 1.44302e-04 3.38773e-03 -3.29384e-02 6.09634e-06 524/01 9.96859e-04 1.96654e-02 1.52379e-04 1.79464e-03 -2.77111e-02 3.26357e-06 525/01 1.11127e-03 -1.73699e-02 1.50513e-04 2.41111e-03 -3.30414e-02 6.16169e-06 526/01 1.07151e-03 9.23713e-04 1.44564e-04 3.99663e-03 -3.28863e-02 1.28185e-05 527/01 1.04474e-03 5.85622e-03 1.45923e-04 4.29580e-03 -3.15578e-02 9.97883e-07 528/01 1.11547e-03 -1.48611e-02 1.41128e-04 5.51463e-03 -3.51246e-02 1.12387e-05 529/01 1.04619e-03 6.02644e-03 1.44130e-04 3.54593e-03 -3.11027e-02 2.88649e-06 530/01 1.08311e-03 -1.83239e-02 1.54307e-04 1.43582e-03 -3.17420e-02 - 2.34701e-06 531/01 1.05156e-03 -5.14630e-03 1.49243e-04 4.26948e-03 -3.29268e-02 2.29673e-06 532/01 1.02171e-03 -1.59140e-02 1.69613e-04 4.82534e-03 -3.15460e-02 - 1.80699e-07 533/01 1.07187e-03 -2.54663e-02 1.64638e-04 8.25539e-03 -3.71143e-02 3.35437e-06 534/01 1.07659e-03 -1.79196e-02 1.59640e-04 -2.75467e-03 -3.15689e-02 2.20294e-07 535/01 1.16725e-03 -6.53292e-02 1.74434e-04 5.96083e-03 -3.96295e-02 3.11800e-07 536/01 1.08642e-03 -3.05928e-02 1.64550e-04 8.53337e-03 -3.70283e-02 1.46029e-06 537/01 1.07519e-03 -2.70075e-02 1.65035e-04 9.15048e-03 -3.74040e-02 4.50782e-06 538/01 9.95882e-04 -8.64931e-03 1.78136e-04 2.01006e-03 -2.94659e-02 - 3.72223e-06 539/01 1.11024e-03 -1.59356e-02 1.50837e-04 6.64321e-03 -3.70566e-02 - 1.16543e-06 540/01 1.09450e-03 -3.26538e-02 1.69930e-04 8.00364e-03 -3.78710e-02 1.97302e-06 541/01 1.09414e-03 -2.07201e-02 1.54305e-04 5.04929e-03 -3.49309e-02 - 1.60395e-06 542/01 1.06024e-03 -1.40187e-02 1.54613e-04 8.12216e-03 -3.56530e-02 1.57558e-07 543/01 1.07760e-03 -2.17304e-02 1.57772e-04 6.66478e-03 -3.48579e-02 - 1.72881e-06 544/01 1.07140e-03 -2.68877e-02 1.61482e-04 3.51692e-03 -3.29937e-02 2.94126e-06 545/01 1.05908e-03 -4.82464e-02 1.76031e-04 -5.02270e-03 -3.09428e-02 1.58515e-06 546/01 1.06188e-03 -4.73697e-02 1.66534e-04 5.25464e-03 -3.40723e-02 - 2.75824e-06 547/01 9.55558e-04 -3.65329e-03 1.58976e-04 3.17996e-03 -2.82568e-02 1.41211e-06 548/01 1.12039e-03 -6.04212e-02 1.62686e-04 1.09729e-02 -3.93283e-02 2.26415e-05 549/01 9.51792e-04 2.34797e-04 1.67501e-04 5.92366e-03 -3.16345e-02 - 1.97001e-06 550/01 1.01453e-03 -3.05633e-02 1.74864e-04 4.05916e-03 -2.90084e-02 2.36647e-06 551/01 1.02587e-03 8.88221e-03 1.49679e-04 7.00149e-03 -3.18196e-02 2.28662e-06 552/01 1.13572e-03 -1.98346e-02 1.52351e-04 3.48093e-03 -3.64251e-02 5.46748e-06 553/01 1.03818e-03 9.01354e-03 1.52433e-04 2.41897e-03 -2.95076e-02 4.49451e-07 554/01 1.05541e-03 5.99117e-03 1.52033e-04 6.02580e-03 -3.29286e-02 - 1.84304e-06 555/01 1.07183e-03 5.29849e-03 1.49138e-04 4.77424e-03 -3.17941e-02 - 1.37593e-06 556/01 9.88458e-04 3.50818e-02 1.46486e-04 -2.56890e-03 -2.45470e-02 2.38202e-06 Sta/ OcSlope Offset Plcoeff Tfcoeff Tscoeff dOc/dtcoeff Cast (c1)